Domestic composting (CDom) is an alternative for waste recovery organic solids (RSO) provided for in the hierarchy

 of solid waste management in National Solid Waste Policy. CDom in urban areas makes it possible to reinsert the 

organic fraction of waste in production cycles, such as urban agriculture, maintenance of green areas, restoration

 of degraded areas, bringing social, environmental and economic benefits. This work aimed to establish criteria for

 selecting urban areas with potential for implementation of CDom programs. The methodology used consisted of a 

survey in the literature of factors and requirements related to composting programs. From of the identified factors

 and requirements, criteria were proposed to select areas urban areas with greater potential for the adoption of 

CDom programs. The criteria proposals were assessed and elected by a group of experts, through consultation

 using a semi-structured questionnaire. The main factors and requirements identified that influence the success 

and adoption of composting was information technical and operational aspects of the composting process, and 

area availability to carry out composting. The criteria chosen for the selection of urban areas with potential for

 implementing CDom programs were generation density of RSO in the urban area under study; areas available

 for use of the compost in the area urban under study; accessibility to sources generating RSO; distance from 

the area of generation of organic waste and production of compost, and areas of application of compost 

produced; land use in the urban area under study; existence of conditions favorable awareness raising for 

participation in CDom initiatives; conditions environmental health; goals and actions foreseen in plans for

 integrated management of urban solid waste in the area under study; and existence of governance and 

articulation in the study area. It is concluded that from the adoption of criteria and, indicators, it is possible to

 seek to select urban areas with better conditions conducive to the resident population’s adherence to domestic 

composting programs, favoring the continuity of this more sustainable practice and its benefits, bringing 

greater resilience to cities.

The research sought to evaluate the contributions of the Best Available Technology (BAT) principle for the continuous improvement of Wastewater Treatment Plants, as well as its relationship to the concept of Environmentally Appropriate WTP. For this, the Benchmarking tool was used. From it, comparative processes of 15 indicators were carried out in 34 WTP (out of the 357 initially analyzed) in the State of Bahia. The WTP were classified into nine treatment typologies, in which performance analyses were carried out on these indicators, establishing the respective BATs. Subsequently, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Method was applied to infer the Stations that came closest to the indicated BATs. The analysis of the results obtained allowed to verify that the application of the BAT through benchmarking is an adequate alternative to guide the continuous improvement of WTPs, considering locational aspects, environmental and operational management, despite the scarcity of data. The WTPs closest to the BATs were not necessarily those that present the best efficiency in removing contaminants, but those that meet a set of locational and technical-operational aspects. The results also indicated the need for improvements in sustainability practices at the Stations, such as effluent reuse, sludge utilization, and biogas generation.

This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance and economic viability of a Greywater Treatment Plant (GWTP) with a design flow rate of 5,0 m³/h for producing reusable water in flushing toilets within a high-income family-occupied housing development. The measured average consumption of non-potable water for toilet flushing was 507 ± 123 m³/month, constituting 12,9% of the total consumption. To assess operational performance, regulatory standards outlined in NBR 16.783/19 were used as acceptable limits. Parameters such as alkalinity, free residual chlorine, color, COD, presence of Escherichia coli, ammonia nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, pH, fixed, volatile and total suspended solids, sedimentable solids, total dissolved solids, and turbidity were evaluated in both raw greywater and treated reuse water. The GWTP demonstrated performance of approximately 93% for color, 72% for COD, 80% for ammonia nitrogen, 93% for total suspended solids, and 98% for turbidity. System reliability results were 99% for turbidity, 94% for color, 100% for total suspended solids, and 64% for COD. Regarding economic viability, a cash flow was constructed, factoring in the revenues and expenses associated with the study. The installed equipment cost was set at R$ 258.257,33. Estimates for implementation and civil work costs considered four scenarios with varying implementation costs (R$ 100.000,00, R$ 200.000,00, R$ 300.000,00, and R$ 500.000,00). Depreciation was considered over 10 years for equipment and 25 years for buildings and civil works. The unit cost for reuse water was R$ 7,18/m³, with 70% attributed to outsourced labor costs in operation. Feasibility analysis involved calculating the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). NPV was computed at an annual attractiveness rate of 12%. IRR values for scenarios 01, 02, 03, and 04 were 30%, 21%, 15%, and 6%, respectively. Over the 10-year evaluation period, results indicated that scenarios 01, 02, and 03 offered attractive financial returns. In conclusion, non-potable water reuse for toilet flushing emerges as a secure alternative, with requirements within acceptable limits and promising financial returns.

The present research results from the analysis of the application of an instrument of Brazilian urban policy, the Neighborhood Impact Study. It was created to support government decisions and ensure public participation in the licensing processes for projects with a significant impact in urban areas. Aiming to improve the results of its application in urban environmental management, the objective of the research was to analyze the effectiveness of the processes that have been applied in Brazil, with a view to sustainability and environmental justice. The work was developed based on a literature review, consult local laws, licensing process documents, interviews, and experiences with stakeholders. The analysis developed started from the characterization of the phases of regulation, implementation, and application of the instrument. It was developed based on the evaluation of the procedures carried out in five case studies related to all five Brazilian regions. Good practices, recognized in the scientific literature on impact assessment, were used as evaluation criteria. In addition, a survey was carried out on the perception of government agents about the results of its application. The results showed that different procedures were performed in different locations, most of which did not comply with good Impact Assessment practices recognized in the scientific literature. The low performance revealed in the evaluation of the procedures practiced showed the limitation in its application, resulting from its underutilization. For greater effectiveness, the potential for adjustments in procedures was observed, especially those related to process guidance, promotion of public participation and continuous monitoring of impacts. The analysis of critical factors for the improvement of its application pointed to the need for a new application logic, compatible with the Brazilian context.

This work proposed an ex-post evaluation, focusing on the prediction of impacts and the mitigation/compensatory measures provided by the Environmental Impact Study (EIS), in the socioeconomic dimension, whose approach was to verify its effectiveness, using a nickel mining site in the state of Bahia, as a case study. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, a set of methods was applied: document analysis; semi structured interviews; and analysis of indicators from research institutions that generate socioeconomic data. The results obtained with the application of each method enabled the triangulation of partial analyzes to reach the central objective. According to this triangulation, it was found that the way the EIS was developed did not present elements of full effectiveness. The main gaps that can be pointed out were: occurrence of real impacts that were not foreseen in the EIS; lack of effectiveness of the mitigating measures adopted for the expected impacts, considering that the measures were not able to reduce the magnitude and intensity of these impacts; lack of correlation of conditioned control measures in Environmental Licenses with the expected impacts; lack of definition of socioeconomic indicators as a parameter for monitoring impacts. It is hoped that this work can contribute significantly to a more effective performance by the Environmental Agency, with regard to the review of the EIS, prepared by companies, especially the content of the mitigation/compensatory measures, and the step of monitoring/follow-up of the Project. This action may result in the request for changes and/or corrections to the Project, through notifications to the enterprise, during the issuance of environmental licenses

The stepped chutes are important hydraulic structures used as stepped spillways, drainage systems, for fish passage, among other uses. Knowing the characteristics of possible flows in such structures is essential for design. In this work has been studied numerically of the nappe flow without hydraulic jump in chutes with different slopes were performed using the inhohomogeneous multiphase model and the k-ɛ turbulence model, with the purpose of calculating the flow height and presenting methodologies for pre-dimensioning. From the results obtained in the seven numerical simulations carried out with s/l between 0,0594 e 0,80, where s is height and l is the length of the steps, flow profiles and heights, and velocity fields along the stepped chutes were analyzed. Flow depths along the stepped chutes decreasing from the critical level, tending to the quasi-uniform flow regime. Based on this distribution, it was propose a simplified model for the calculation of flow depths and dissipated energy along the stepped chutes. A simplified non-dimensional formulation was also developed for the calculation length and apron elevation of the stilling basin by hydraulic jump. The comparisons made between the numerical solutions and the experimental data indicated that there was adherence between the methodologies. Likewise, the proposed formulations, when compared to the experimental data, showed adherence with deviations less than 7% for most of the data referring to the dissipated energy. Considering the methodology for the pre-dimensioning of stilling basin, the deviations were even smaller.

Several studies have pointed to the serious reduction in the levels of quality and quantity of water sources, worldwide, mainly those that cut urban densities and those that are used for human supply. The reduction in the quality of water sources is caused by anthropic pressure that imposes pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, among other causes of serious environmental problems, such as eutrophication, especially when flowering is constituted by toxic cyanobacteria. These blooms have caused numerous impacts, such as reduced water quality and the death of aquatic fauna, reaching, in some cases, human beings with alarming consequences. One of the alternatives widely used to remedy pollutants in water sources is the use of adsorbents, with emphasis on chemical remedies based on metals, such as aluminum and iron. However, much is discussed about the efficiency of these materials. In this sense, the present study sought to evaluate the efficiency of new adsorbents to be used as polluting remedies in sources of human supply. For this, the present study was divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, the efficiency of the current adsorption methods applied to the Joanes I spring, based on aluminum and lanthanum, was studied. Following, adsorption tests were conducted with three adsorbents (Bituminous coal with pumice; Coconut coal with zeolite and Zeolite with pumice) that can serve as an alternative to the current methods applied in the dam on the Joanes River I. The tests were conducted in water samples contaminated with phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia, in initial concentrations of 1 mg L-1, keeping the test conditions controlled at pH 7 (± 0.3), temperature 22 ° C and agitation of 30 rpm. After studies with contaminated water in the laboratory, the adsorbent based on coal and pumice stone obtained the best efficiencies and was used in the adsorption tests with water samples from the Joanes I dam, and may give initial indications of its commercial application and for studies future. The results indicated that the current adsorbents (aluminum and lanthanum) used by basic sanitation service providers in the Joanes I river dam, are not an effective measure for the removal of pollutants, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, cyanobacteria and toxins, besides causing side effects like promoting the release of toxins in water. Regarding the adsorption studies, it was found that the best removal efficiencies were obtained by the adsorbent composed of bituminous coal with pumice, showing efficiencies of 72% for Phosphorus, 70% for Nitrate and 35% for ammonia with equilibrium time in 360 minutes. When applied to real samples of Joanes I, operating conditions were maintained close to the tests with contaminated water in the laboratory: pH 6.5 (± 0.3), temperature 22 ° C. The adsorbent showed high efficiency in the removal of nitrogen fractions: ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, as well as phosphorus and
orthophosphate reaching 99.9% efficiency for compounds in the 240 to 360 time range. In relation to the density of cyanobacteria in the Joanes river sample, the adsorbent showed a removal process, removing 81% of the initial density of cyanobacteria in the sample, going from 12,850 Cel mL-1 to 2,560 Cel mL-1 in the final time of 2,880 minutes. In relation to Saxitoxins, the adsorbent obtained a removal efficiency of 99.8% at the end of the process, in time 2,880 minutes. In chapter two, adsorption tests were conducted with the objective of evaluating the efficiency of the biosorbents in the removal of pesticides through Quercus cerris and Quercus suber husks. The studies were carried out with a variation of pH (3, 7 and 9), temperature (10, 20, 30 and 40) ° C, and agitation of 30 rpm. The analysis of pesticides was carried out using the SANCO / 10232/2006 EU extraction protocol. As a result, the highest adsorption efficiencies (80% and 70%) of the pesticides were found at pH 3, temperature of 30 ° C and 360 minutes. The adsorption kinetics of pesticides followed the kinetics of pseudo-second order for atrazine and pseudo-first order for all pesticides. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the adsorbents used in the Joanes I stock (aluminum and lanthanum) have low efficiency in the remediation of cyanobacteria, phosphorus and toxins, it was observed that the density of cyanobacteria increased with the concentrations of toxins in the months subsequent application of these adsorbents. It can also be demonstrated in this study the high efficiencies of the coal-based adsorbent with pumice, where adsorption efficiencies (> 98%) were obtained for contaminants (nitrogen, phosphorus, aluminum, iron, cyanobacteria, saxitoxins), it can be an efficient alternative in environmental control after further studies. For pesticides, the shells of Quercus cerris and Quercus suber can be an effective and economical alternative for the remediation of springs contaminated with the studied pesticides, with removal efficiencies between 70% -80%.

The operation of dams results in several changes in the physical characteristics of aquatic environments, such as changes in the flows magnitude and in the dissolved salts concentration, in addition to promoting disturbances in the distribution of the habitat of various organisms, such as fish. This work aims to analyze the ichthyofauna distribution due to the spatio-temporal variation of the hydrodynamic regime and salinity in a fluvio-estuarine stretch under the influence of a dam reservoir operation. The Pedra do Cavalo dam is located on Paraguaçu River lower stretch, close to an estuarine region of high ecological and extractive interest. Mike 21 modelling system was applied during a spring and a quadrature tide in the simulation of speed, depth and salinity. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed and the genera with Pearson Correlations above 0.60 with the aforementioned variables were analyzed. The fluvio-estuarine stretch of the Paraguaçu river presents ichthyofauna species typical of limnic, estuarine and marine environments and it is highly influenced by the tidal conditions and the flow intensity released during the period of defluence of the Pedra do Cavalo dam. The ichthyofauna distribution along the studied section is influenced by the spatio-temporal variability of the hydrodynamic regime and the salinity of the water, presenting in periods of high defluence of the Pedra do Cavalo dam several species of commercial interest, such as Mugil liza and Anchoa januaria.

Leptospirosis is an endemic disease of worldwide occurrence, whose greatest incidences are related to socioeconomically vulnerable environments and which present precarious health conditions. In Brazil, this disease has affected populations living in unhealthy areas with precarious public services and poor housing conditions, being the object of attention by health authorities and research centers. Thus, this study aims to investigate the environmental health gradients in the territory and its influence on the infection by Leptospira in study areas in the city of Salvador-Bahia. The investigation privileged the analysis in the territory, considering that the territory is the locus of social reproduction and the place where the urban life is developed. On the other hand, it was considered the integrality of actions, in the field of basic sanitation and environmental health, as essential to promote healthier spaces. The investigation involved a survey of primary databases, with the application of questionnaires along stretches of street, and the analysis of secondary data available in public institutions and research groups. With the data of the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira in the population and the environmental health, statistical and spatial analyzes were carried out and the Environmental Health Index (ISA) of the study areas was built. The results indicated the gradient of environmental unhealthiness in the study areas, with the precariousness of the provision of basic sanitation services being evidenced, mainly as regards sanitary sewage, urban drainage and solid waste collection. Fifteen of the twenty-three micro-areas of study showed unsatisfactory environmental health conditions, seven under moderate conditions and only one with good conditions. The low ISA classification for the areas and micro-areas was mainly due to the lack of integrality in the provision of services, which was expressed through the low scores of each of the indicators. For the Spatial analyzes Kernel maps were produced and indicated a relation between low ISA scores and higher concentrations of individuals with antibodies against Leptospira, in three of the four areas investigated. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests indicated a positive association between the precarious state of basic sanitation in the areas and the occurrence of individual with antibodies against Leptospira, especially with the variables related to the risk of flooding, the presence of streams and to the points of irregular disposal of solid waste. Finally, it is expected that this work will contribute to the discussion on the relation between the infection by Leptospira and environmental health and that the effort to build an ISA can influence the processes of defining priority areas for leptospirosis control actions.

Social participation in the process of public policy formulation and decision making emerges as a new paradigm in political-administrative management, however its implementation faces challenges. In 2007, with the enactment of the National Basic Sanitation Law (LNSB, Law 11,445), besides establishing basic sanitation comprising four fundamental components (water supply, sanitary sewage, urban cleaning and solid waste management, and drainage and urban rainwater management), it denotes basic sanitation as a social right, by taking the supply of such services away from a market view, emphasizing relevant principles such as universalization, integrality and social control itself in the provision of basic sanitation public services. In addition, the LNSB establishes that social control must be guaranteed in the execution of each function of the management of basic sanitation public services. In several situations the popular participation in decision making is hampered by the lack of monitoring means, as well as the influence of the local political culture, usually marked by clientelism, and the fact that the management decentralization process practically walks in slow steps, in a vertical structure that works from top to bottom, i.e., the local Executive decentralizes its decision making process in order to interpret the population's needs. Since the establishment of the PNSB, the elaboration of municipal public policies in the area of basic sanitation in Brazil has been going through the discussion of some important concepts, among which: local power, since the elaboration of the PMSB is the exclusive responsibility of the municipality; citizenship, since the popular participation is a fundamental factor to legitimize such instrument; and democracy, since the plan must be elaborated together with representatives of the various sectors impacted (management, service providers and civil society). Thus, the limitations and potentialities of participatory actions depend on the political capacity and citizenship of municipalities, because a society that knows and recognizes their rights and duties becomes a more active and aware of the actions of the State. To this end, civil society representation needs to overlap with diffuse and/or individual interests as a way of strengthening the democratic process of participatory planning.

Riparian vegetation has a fundamental role in protecting water bodies due to its ability to retain potential contaminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of water according to the different land uses and state of conservation of forest vegetation (around the water body - within a 50 m radius), and the landscape (total forest area) for buffers with different radius (3, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10 and 0.05 km) in water bodies of tropical climate basins (Bahia, Brazil). Eighteen points at ten rural communities were selected in the Jacuípe and Joanes rivers basins. In relation to the degree of conservation, the areas were classified as preserved, disturbed or degraded. All the evaluated parameters presented values above the legal standards defined both by international legislation (USEPA - EUA and Decree-Law No. 152/2017 – European Union) and also by Brazilian legislation (CONAMA Resolution 357/05) for "degraded" zones. The aluminum concentration (Al3+) presented a variation of 0.01 to 4.20 (mg L-1), iron (Fe) of 0.01 to 4.50 (mg L-1), nitrogen (N) of 0.00 to 5.20 (mg L-1), nitrate (NO3-) of 0.00 to 14.50 (mg L-1), nitrite (NO2-) of 0.01 to 2.50 (mg L-1), phosphorus (P) of 0.00 to 2.22 (mg L-1), orthophosphate (PO43-) of 0.00 to 6.80 (mg L-1) and the pH presented a variation between 4.30 to 6.80. In general, it was observed that the values of water quality parameters are directly related to the state of conservation of the riparian zone. The potential for explaining water quality by forest amount within a radius of 0.15 km is about 53% (R² = 0.53, p < 0.05), with this spatial distance being the largest in landscape scale that influences water quality. Consequently, for a radius larger than 0.15 km, the forest amount shows no correlation with the water quality of the water bodies evaluated. And, we have for the radius of 100 m the peak of the explanatory percentage (58%) of our adjusted model, R² = 0.58 (p < 0.05), which decreases as we increase the scale, would then this spatial extension be our ideal effect scale for correlated analyses. Based on this, it is concluded that the water quality monitoring permits to evaluate the influence of changes in the environment and the role of riparian and adjacent zones in the protection of those water bodies.

As pointed out by the official data of the federal government, through Snis, public services in basic sanitation in the city of Feira de Santana have been approaching universalization, in 2017 the water supply was 100% and in sanitary sewage 80.39 %. However, access to water supply and sanitation when analyzed from socio-racial and economic markers in the urban space, reveals that the provision of these public services is not equal, with unequal service taking place between neighborhoods where black populations reside, poor and peripheral. Historically, black people are the most affected by the lack of assistance from the State and, regarding basic sanitation, by a logic of racism that structures Brazilian society, the place in which they belong is considered illegal, a discourse found to disadvantage the right to water and sanitary sewage with quantity and quality for consumption. Thus, this research, in addition to pointing out the social and economic markers of studies on inequality in the supply and quality of public basic sanitation services in Brazil, brings the racial marker to the discussion. We sought to highlight the racial inequalities in service provided by water and sewage companies to the Afro-descendant populations that make up the Black Neighborhoods. Thus, the general objective of the work was to investigate racial inequality in the provision of public water supply and sewage services to the urban black population in Feira de Santana-Bahia. To this end, we opted for qualitative research seeking greater technical and empirical rigor, within this approach, Participant Observation was chosen as a research technique, using the following instruments: semi-structured interview; secondary IBGE data; bacteriological analysis of water samples collected from two water sources. As a result, the Rua Nova neighborhood has a low monthly income population, with most of them earning up to 2 minimum wages, and mostly black / black. The basic sanitation components surveyed are practically universal, the water supply with 96.98% and sewage with 95.27%. However, the perception of the residents of the black neighborhood of Rua Nova regarding the quality of the public service provided by Embasa was central to this research, which proved to be unequal, as it deprives the population of the right to water with regularity and sufficient quantity, putting the health of these people at risk. Such an act is understood as discriminatory against the black population subjected to structural racism.

The quantification of water availability for the purposes of applying the right to use water resources from rainfall-flow mathematical modeling involves uncertainties that may influence water management. The uncertainties of input data, climatic variables, parameter values and model structure are usually neglected, and it is necessary to include them in management for decision making. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of the insertion of uncertainty analysis of the hydrological modeling in the estimation of water availability in a sub-basin of the Upper Rio Paraguaçu, Ba. The applied methodology uses the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the estension of series and the simulation of flows with uncertainties. The measurement uncertainties of daily precipitation and climatic variables (precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation) were quantified, from which synthetic data series were generated and simulations were performed. The uncertainties arising from the values of the model parameters (CN2, ALPHA_BF, GW_DELAY, GWQMN, SOL_AWC, ESCO, GW_REVAP_REVAPMN, LAT_TTIME and SOL_Z) were obtained from the autocalibration by the Latin hypercube method using the SWAT Calibration software SUFI-2 algorithm and Uncertainty Programs, obtaining ranges of maximum, average and minimum values that were used for simulations. From the series of simulated flows, daily maintenance curves were constructed to obtain the reference flow rate Q90%, representative of the water availability, in which 80% of the flow corresponds to the installable part. These flows were later compared to the INEMA grant management system used in the study area. The results indicate that the uncertainties in the measurement of precipitation, climatic variables and model parameter values resulted in the simulation of Q90% flow rates, which correspond to underestimates of 16 to 95% of the flows used by INEMA for granting. The Q90% flows obtained with the simulations with the consideration of the mentioned uncertainties ranged from 0,20 to 3,38 m3/s, resulting in underestimates. The uncertainties of the parameter values were more relevant, registering differences between 58% and 95% in relation to the INEMA flows. The flow rates obtained in the simulations restrict the uses for granting, since they register flow values lower than Q100% and have a probability of occurrence of 85 to 100% at the daily level .For the simulation of daily flows for granting purposes it is not recommended to use the SWAT model in the study area. However, the analyzes carried out show that the measurement uncertainties due to precipitation data and climatic variables are not negligible, they influence the flow rates and need to be considered in the estimation of the water availability.

The problem of access to basic sanitation in rural areas has yet to be tackled and overcome. Even with the advances made in recent years, historically, this area is marked by fragmented actions, discontinuous investments and prioritization of cities, rather than the countryside. The result of this policy was the inequality of access to basic sanitation and the high deficit in service coverage, especially in rural areas. Given this scenario, the rural areas of small municipalities had to find the way to overcome these challenges. That way, this research aims to analyze the potential and limitations of community management for the provision of public water supply services in rural communities. In order to carry out this exploratory study, rural areas were chosen in the Brazilian Northeastern Semi-arid region that had community management and were easily accessible by the researchers. Therefore, three districts within the municipality of Brotas de Macaúbas were chosen: Lagoa do Capim, Mata do Bom Jesus and Lagoa do Maciel. The methodology of data collection was based on the application of collective interviews in four groups, one in each district and another with representatives of the local public administration and data analysis was done through the Discourse of the Collective Subject. In addition to the information obtained from the interviews, it was also necessary to add public information about the municipality and the studied disctricts. To evaluate the services provided by the associations, a GUT matrix was elaborated for each one of the studied districts. As a result of the matrices, it can be seen that the rural areas studied have, as a rule, a high social organization structure, with decision-making power in the assemblies, which favors the management of public water supply services through resident associations, however there is still a number of limitations, such as difficulty in maintaining economic and financial resources based only on tariffs, requiring the help of the City Hall (either for payment by the operator or for payment of electricity). In addition, a comparative table was drawn up on various legal instruments and government programs, as well as other experiences in rural sanitation and in the community management itself for the political, institutional, legal, technical and social dimensions of the potentialities and limitations that each one has. At the end, it can be concluded that community management presents itself as an important tool for improving the provision of public basic sanitation services in rural areas, yet it does not end in itself. It is important to preserve the autonomy of each district, respecting its level of independence, as well as the need for greater or lesser intervention of the State.

Cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites with highly toxic properties, which
are known as cyanotoxins. Numerous cases of intoxication in humans and animals
have been reported in several countries. Some species of toxic cyanobacteria
develop in freshwater environments, mainly in reservoirs, forming intense blooms
under favorable conditions. Cyanobacterial flora have frequently been observed in
the Joanes I reservoir (Metropolitan Region of Salvador-RMS, Bahia), which is
responsible for supplying the city of Salvador and RMS, besides having intense
recreational use, fishing and irrigation. Thus, evaluating the cyanobacteria
community and identifying the presence of cyanotoxin genes, as well as detecting
toxin production in the Joanes I reservoir blooms is of fundamental importance to
water management and public health bodies in order to allow the use water
resource. In this work, water samples from four distinct points in the Joanes I
reservoir were analyzed in a wet season. The physical-chemical and biological
analyzes of water followed the methodology of the Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. It was observed that dissolved oxygen,
total phosphorus, true color, biochemical oxygen demand and thermotolerant
coliforms were outside the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05 for
class 2 waters. The calculation of the trophic status index of the water sample
points indicated eutrophic conditions. Microscopic investigations of the samples
preserved with lugol identified ten cyanobacterial genera, five of them being known
as potential toxin producers. Cell counts by the Utermöl method in the four
samples showed that at points P3 and P4 the values exceed those recommended
by CONAMA Resolution 357/05 for class 2 waters (<50,000 cells mL-1), and all
sampling points exceeded values recommended by Ordinance No. 2914/2011 of
the MS, which establishes weekly analyzes and collections of water above 20,000
mL-1 cells. The genetic potential for the production of the toxins,
cylinderspermopsin, microcystin and saxitoxins was evaluated by extracting the
total genomic DNA from the samples and PCR amplifications of the PS and mcyE
genes were observed. PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetic analyzes
of the amino acid sequences showed that they were clustered with homologous
sequences of cyanobacteria known to produce the respective toxins. The chemical
analyzes by LC-MS / MS of the environmental samples searching for the
cylindrospermopsina, anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a detected the presence of
only cylindrospermopsina at points P1 and P2. The results of this study contribute
to the increase of information on the Joanes I reservoir, the importance of the joint
use of different methods to analyze the cyanobacteria and their toxins, and alert to
the worrying situation of this reservoir in relation to public health.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the water contribution flows from the Grande river basin to the São Francisco river to meet the multiple uses of water stored in the Sobradinho reservoir. In order to reach this objective, the study area was characterized, the water balance of the river basin of the Rio Grande was considered, considering the interaction between the river and the aquifer, and finally, the minimum flows that the Rio Grande delivered to the river channel San Francisco and how these flows influences the service of water demands. For this, data were collected from 16 fluviometric stations and 21 rainfall stations from ANA; and 1 INMET weather station. Regarding the water concessions of the Grande river basin and the section studied in the São Francisco river channel, it was obtained from INEMA and ANA, respectively. With the information of 5 normal climatologicals of the meteorological station of code 83236, made available by INMET, the evapotranspiration of culture of this basin was found to calculate the recharge of the Urucuia aquifer. In order to characterize the interaction of the rivers of the Grande river basinr and Urucuia, the surface and underground flow of daily flow rates of four fluviometric stations, located at the aquifer boundary, were separated by the methods of Fixed Intervals, Mobile Intervals and Local Minima, and the underground contribution for the maintenance of the flows of the rivers supplied by this porous system was evaluated seasonally. Two methodologies were used to calculate the explatable flow: based on the ratio between recharge and precipitation in the basin and constant withdrawal of 20% per month. With the necessary data of monthly availability and monthly water demand, it was possible to perform the representation of the water system of the river basin of Rio Grande in WEAP. After the simulation of this hydrographic basin, the alternatives of water allocation were evaluated considering the minimum tributaries flowing from the Rio Grande watershed to serve the multiple uses of the São Francisco river channel that are located in the stretch between the mouth of the Grande River and Sobradinho. After applying the mentioned methodologies, it was verified that in rivers of this basin, the base flow reaches 96.97%, in the driest months, and that during the study period the Rio Grande flow never exceeded 150 m³/s, indicating the presence of the maintenance of the flow by the Urucuia aquifer. The average recharge in the Alto Grande subbasin was approximately 129 m³/s, which is lower than the recharge in the Middle Low
Basin subbasin. In relation to the flows delivered from the Grande river basin to the São Francisco river basin, the system's baseline scenario shows that the minimum flow that the BHRG contributes to the BHRSF during the study period is 199 m³ / s. When assessing the contribution flows of the Grande river basin to the São Francisco River, considering the increase of water demands in a dry period, it was concluded that a minimum remaining flow of 118.2 m³/s satisfies both hydrographic basins, attending the water demands in the study area.

The Brazil Federal Constitution of 1988, when it recognized municipalities as federated entities and consequently their municipal autonomy, brought the decentralization of public policies, resulting in transfers of competence to the municipality. However, this transfer did not ensure the exercise of municipal autonomy. As a strategy to promote joint actions among municipalities, Article 241 authorizes associated management through public consortia or cooperation agreements for the provision of public services, including basic sanitation. However, only in 2005 with the Public Consortia Law, was the definition of this legal framework. The associated management was stimulated with the National Basic Sanitation Law of 2007 and the National Solid Waste Policy of 2010. With this, the Union, in 2007, encouraged the conclusion of an agreement between the States and the Ministry of the Environment to elaborate of regionalization studies of integrated solid waste management with the aim of proposing regional management solutions, as well as territorial arrangements for the formation of public consortia. In view of this scenario, the research sought to identify and analyze factors that have influenced the advances and difficulties of the implementation of regionalized solid waste management. The methodology of the study, with qualitative basis, involved the use of documentary research, consult the network of specialists, case study and focus group. The results indicated the most significant factors for the aforementioned management: budgetary resources and available financing; the political interests of governments at the central, state, regional and local levels; priorities of public action; and associative tradition of the municipalities involved. It was also identified the relevance of the manager's political will to implement public action, which may be superior to any variable, especially in regions that have no associative tradition, such as the Northeast. It was noticed that the criteria used for the definition of the territorial arrangements were based on technical aspects, such as road network, population, relief, etc. not contemplating elements related to the association itself, such as the associative tradition, feeling of belonging, regional identity, etc. Therefore, given the complexity of associated management and subsequent regionalization processes, government efforts that seek to implement them should consider such complexity, involving the political, economic, administrative and socio-cultural perspective, and dialoguing with the will agreements related to the consortium to the interests common. Although there is a need for improvement and dialogue in the field of regionalized waste management, the incentives of the Union and States have provided guiding principles for regions that do not have associative tradition, however, they may be more effective with the participation of stakeholders involved in management of public waste and consortia, and from there on, are the catalysts for a new reference base for regionalization in their states.

The fragmentation of the river through dams eliminates interannual variability,
diminishes the strength of fresh water and facilitates saline intrusion. Seasonality in
the aquatic ecosystem is the key factor affecting several interrelated aspects of
community life. In this context, the study proposed to characterize the composition,
abundance and structure of the ichthyofauna of the Lower Course of the São
Francisco River, determining its ecological attributes that will subsidize the study of
environmental hydrograms for the study area. The methodological approach adopted
was through the characterization of biotic and abiotic parameters with field
observations, photographic records, in loco measurement, primary and secondary
data. The flow analyzes were performed by hydrographs, correlated to the physicalchemical
parameters of the water and ecological indexes. The results indicated
impoverishment of aquatic and ciliary vegetation, high to moderate vulnerability to
soil loss and high values of temperature, pH, salinity and total dissolved solids, as
opposed to low values of conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The diversity indexes
showed greater influence of the flow in sample points 01 and 04 and the analysis of
similarity allowed to visualize the formation of two groups, with the exception of
sampling point 04 with predominance of marine species. The ecological attributes
indicated: decrease of native species, migratory species and commercial value;
increase of introduced and marine species; prevalence of species with low longevity,
rapid growth rate, small to medium size, and more tolerant strategists. It is concluded
that changes in habitats affect several aspects of the fish community, such as
feeding, migration, growth and reproduction, and that knowledge of the ecological
attributes of species is fundamental to the implementation of restoration programs,
including the definition of environmental hydrograms.

Despite cities have been recognized as key actors with the potential to contribute to mitigation and adaptation strategies to deal with climate change, few municipalities in Brazil are aware of their emission values. Since 2011, other cities besides Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo began to make their inventories. Some of them applied the new framework for urban greenhouse gases (GHG) inventories: the Global Protocol for Communities – GPC. In view of this scenario of production of new local inventories and the use of a new framework, this research has the aim to analyze how the municipal inventories of Brazil have been accomplished and what are the challenges faced by these municipalities to count its emissions. Comparison between inventories is an analytical strategy that provides relevant information to improve the tool, and it is also an object of analysis itself. Eleven Brazilian municipal inventories had their sectoral emissions disaggregated in order to make them as comparable as possible. Throughout this process, it was possible to identify the differences, similarities and difficulties of applying IPCC and GPC frameworks. The GHG emission profiles of municipalities in Brazil were also analyzed. Interviews with managers and consultants provided new points of view regarding technical and management aspects of the inventories. The research shows that the inventory has considerable potential to contribute to municipal management. Nevertheless, the quality of Brazilian municipal inventories still does not meet the principles established by IPCC and GPC. The comparison shows up to be a challenge aggravated by the lack of consistency and transparency of the reports.