This work was developed with the objective of analyzing, based on literature review and carrying out experimental tests, the feasibility of using carbon fiber composite and epoxy resin to connect wooden truss nodes, replacing metal connectors. This study arose from the need to find an alternative technique to make the connection between wooden truss elements when exposed to maritime environments and industrial areas, since traditional metallic connectors are susceptible to corrosion in these environments, which would lead to a reduction the reliability of the structure. The use of carbon fiber to reinforce wooden structures was tested in research that demonstrated an increase in the stiffness of the parts directly proportional to the rate of reinforcement with the composite, and it was possible to evaluate the combination of epoxy resin with carbon fiber as a viable technique in comparison with the other composites studied. In this way, the project intends to base the study of wooden trusses with carbon fiber in order to carry out an experimental activity to test the application of the proposed technique for connecting the nodes of a wooden truss with carbon fiber, proving the viability through computer simulation of a real truss, using the experimentally obtained stiffness parameter. This technique meets the Standard requirements, meeting the limit states, and can be an alternative against external environmental corrosion, to reduce the weight of the structure and provide a better cost-benefit ratio in the development of Civil Engineering projects

Construction projects are complex sociotechnical systems composed of diverse and dynamically interacting elements. The advent of Industry 5.0, aligned with Industry 4.0 technologies, can support construction companies in creating an environment to cope with complexity and improve performance. Other benefits of digital transformation in construction include improvements in productivity, efficiency, safety, quality, and collaboration. Nevertheless, reaching these advantages involves understanding how transformed processes should be managed and measured, such as using maturity models. The construction industry lacks maturity assessment tools for digital transformation encompassing its main characteristics and focusing on the construction phase. Therefore, this work proposes a Maturity Measurement System for an Intelligent Construction Environment from a sociotechnical perspective. The research strategy adopted in this study is the Design Science Research, composed of five phases: Awareness, Suggestion, Development, Evaluation, and Conclusion. Initially, the development of the artifact involved introducing the concept of an Intelligent Construction Environment based on an extensive literature review. Subsequently, data collected from two empirical studies, including 17 interviews and 11 days of on-site data collection, enabled the delineation of a conceptual model for measuring the maturity of an Intelligent Construction Environment. Operationalizing the proposed conceptual model involved Delphi rounds, evaluation sessions with industry and academia, and multiple refinement cycles in both Brazil and the United States (Purdue University), resulting in the development of the Maturity Measurement System (MMS). The MMS comprises 15 dimensions, 75 assessment criteria, and 5 maturity levels. Theoretical contributions of this research include a comprehensive understanding of how construction environments can progress along the digital transformation path from a sociotechnical perspective. From a practical standpoint, the study fills the gap of a maturity assessment tool for supporting digital transformation in the construction phase, enabling managers to monitor progress and set goals and facilitating benchmarking among organizations. Compared to the maturity models already proposed in the literature, the primary advancement of this research is the focus on the construction phase. In addition, using a sociotechnical approach as the model's theoretical foundation is also an originality of this work. Moreover, including Industry 5.0 concepts in a maturity model for the construction industry is also a novelty presented by the study. The artifact was evaluated and simulated, but still lacks implementation in multiple contexts to assess its performance in the intended environment and validate its generalizability.

The facade is one of the main elements of a building and has functions that range from protecting the internal structure of the building to ensuring the health and well-being of its users. The emergence of pathological manifestations in these elements can compromise their performance; therefore, periodic inspection and maintenance activities are necessary. However, inspections are often not carried out or neglected as they are time-consuming, expensive, and unsafe. Given this, digital technologies, such as Drones and Artificial Intelligence-AI, can minimize such limitations. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to propose an automated recognition method to identify pathological manifestations in concrete facades using drones and AI to support decision-making for the quality control of works. For this, the Design Science Research-DSR research strategy was adopted, and the study was developed according to the following steps: (1) Awareness through the investigation of the theoretical problem through a Systematic Review of Literature-RSL, identifying the research gaps, and through practical problem investigation in the field; (2) Suggestion of the artifact through an exploratory study, in which drones were used to acquire images and AI algorithms for digital image processing; (3) Development of the artifact with the accomplishment of two case studies, implementing the method of automated recognition of pathological manifestations through a data acquisition protocol, data processing protocol, and incorporation of information from these activities in the process of control of the quality of work; (4) Evaluation of the artifact through the constructs Transparency, Efficiency, Applicability, and Utility through the variables for each of these constructs; and (5) Conclusion with the formalization of the proposed method, final considerations about the study, and communication of the results. As preliminary results, data acquisition and processing protocols were implemented in Case Study B and are being improved and refined in Case Study C. To date, 2040 images with pathological manifestations have already been collected from the acquisition of images. Regarding the processing of these images, four models were created in Custom Vision and are being improved with new images from visits and images generated from on-site photos using the Data Augmentation technique. The information from the inspections carried out during the visits is being implemented in Case Study B and C through the delivery of reports forming a PDCA cycle

Biodeterioration on facades due to red biofilm is a type of damage characterized by
the action of microorganisms that affect the integrity of the paint film applied to the
coating, consequently impacting its aesthetics. The red stains originating from this type
of biofilm can lead to a commercial devaluation of the developments. Because of this,
facade maintenance services may occur even before the estimated period. The red
biofilm is a scarcely explored subject in the literature, but visible in buildings from
various countries such as Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, France, etc. Thus, there is
a recognized need for studies to comprehend this topic. Therefore, the present
research aims to infer about the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the facade
surfaces in the emergence of red biofilm, considering a sample from the population of
buildings in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Additionally, the research aims to identify the
microorganism causing this biofilm. The methodological procedure was divided into
three phases: the first was dedicated to statistical analysis using a sample of 66
buildings, applying a logistic regression model (LRM) to infer the variables influencing
the emergence of red biofilm. The second phase involved a microbiological analysis,
in which five samples of red biofilm were collected from one of the studied facades,
aiming to verify if the identified microorganism coincides with the one depicted in the
literature. Lastly, the third phase encompassed the development of an experimental
model, involving the cleaning of a facade affected by red stains and subsequently
creating six panels with different treatments and roughness to assess the recurrence
time of the damage. The obtained LRM showed that variables such as years since the
last painting, number of floors, and altitude significantly influence the emergence of red
biofilm. The older the paint, the higher the number of floors, and the greater the altitude,
the higher the chances of the studied damage occurring. Through the morphological
analysis of the collected material, it was determined that the microorganism
responsible for the red stains is an algae of the Trentepohlia sp. genus from the
Trentepohliaceae family, which coincides with what is addressed in the literature.
However, the experimental model did not allow the observation of stain development
on the treated panels during the one-year period.

Gypsum plaster is a recyclable binder with low energy consumption and low CO₂ emissions, but after hardening, it has low water resistance, compromising its integrity and durability. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to solve this problem. The use of additions with the potential to promote water-repellent characteristics to gypsum appears as one of the alternatives to reduce the susceptibility of gypsum to the action of water. The present study proposes evaluating the effects of different crystallizers and diatomite treated (DT) with silane modifier (OTS) on gypsum pastes' mechanical properties, porosity, and contact angle. For this, different statistical mixing projects were elaborated in the Design-Expert® software. The formulations generated for the studies of additions of crystallizer and treated diatomite were molded using the NBR 12129:2019 procedure and evaluated for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE), hardness (H), flexural tensile strength (S_T), compressive strength (S_c), porosity (P) and contact angle (q_c). Some formulations with low water content were formed under pressure as an alternative to improve the miscibility between the superhydrophobic treated diatomite and the gypsum paste. The pressed specimens were evaluated to determine MOE, S_T, S_c, and q_c. The optimized formulations of the crystallizer and treated diatomite statistical designs were subjected to natural aging for durability evaluation. The results show that using hydrated lime as a source of calcium hydroxide to react with the crystallizer compounds promotes an increase in H and reduces the P of pastes containing crystallizer. There was a significant increase of q_c with the increase of crystallizer. However, with the maximum used crystallizing content, the pastes are still classified as hydrophilic (q_c < 90°). Applying crystallizer contents above the maximum used in the formulations of the statistical mixture project allowed for obtaining hydrophobic pastes (90° < q_c < 150°). The treatment of diatomite with OTS conferred superhydrophobic properties to diatomite (q_c > 150°) and modification in its morphology. The increase in the mass fraction of treated diatomite paste and ethanol promoted the reduction of MOE, S_T, and S_C while q_c increased; however, the highest values obtained for q_c still classify the pastes as hydrophilic. With the pressure-forming process, the results were more satisfactory for MOE, S_T, S_C, and q_c. However, they showed a tendency towards a reduction in mechanical properties and an increase in q_c. After the first natural aging cycle, the specimens optimized with crystallizer and treated diatomite paste showed a reduction in mechanical properties and q_c. Furthermore, the hydro-repellent materials showed promise for increasing the contact angle and reducing the gypsum's susceptibility to the water.

Brazil has undergone a remarkable urbanization process, transitioning from a predominantly rural nation to a predominantly urban one in just 50 years, with approximately 82% of the population residing in urban areas. However, this rapid and often disorderly urbanization has posed challenges regarding urban mobility. Walkability and accessibility in urban environments have become crucial issues. This research addresses the need to assess walkability and accessibility in cities, focusing on the quality of public spaces for pedestrians and emphasizing the inclusion of people with disabilities or reduced mobility. This approach aims to promote active mobility by reducing vehicular traffic and emissions and improve the quality of life for the population by encouraging physical activity and social interaction. The study proposes using street view images (SVI) to map the walkability and accessibility in cities. These images allow for a detailed analysis of pedestrian infrastructure, identifying obstacles and critical points. The research aims to adapt and apply a walkability index, evaluating the quality of public spaces, especially sidewalks and crossings. The methodological approach adopted in this study involves adapting and implementing the Walkability Index (ICam), which was developed by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). The method was implemented through a virtual technical assessment, using street view images as a data source. Data collection for the index was conducted using Google Street View, and with this data, the index was calculated following the methodology established by the ITDP. Subsequently, a field validation of a sample was conducted to reinforce the reliability of the approach. The research highlights the relevance of using SVI for the intended purpose, enabling a practical and accessible walkability assessment. The results revealed that the study area has a walkability index classified as "satisfactory" and, according to ITDP parameters, requires medium-term interventions to enhance urban accessibility and make the environment more pedestrian-friendly. Furthermore, the validation results closely aligned with those obtained through SVI, indicating that virtual technical audits with SVI offer notable advantages, such as frequent information updates at a low cost, making it accessible to various sectors of society. The research demonstrated the potential to contribute to efficient urban planning, improving accessibility and the quality of life for citizens.

The fluidized-bed catalytic cracking process is one of the most used in the world for petroleum refining, having as its main residues the spent catalyst (SFCC). This waste is potentially dangerous because it contains toxic elements, such as vanadium and lanthanum. Its global generation is estimated to be around hundreds of tons per year and a large part is destined for industrial landfills. Given the projected growth of this sector, it is necessary to search for an efficient environmental solution for the destination of this waste. An alternative is co-processing in the cement industry due to the high demand for raw material and the high temperatures of the clinkerization process, which can contribute to the fixation and immobilization of contaminating elements in the sintered phases. Therefore, this paper aims to propose the co-processing of SFCC in the production of Portland Class G clinker, as it is used by the oil industry itself, thus focusing on the precepts of the circular economy. As an alternative to increase the incorporation of SFCC and to reduce the energy demand of the process, YCC cement was also produced. The dosage and production of these cements were carried out in the laboratory, and the clinkers will be evaluated by physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses. In addition, the rheological and hydration study of the pastes will be carried out using the techniques of isothermal calorimetry, in situ XRD, XRD, and TG at 3 and 28 days. Finally, to analyze the environmental viability of cement, a life cycle assessment (LCA) and an environmental risk study of the pastes before and after degradation by supercritical carbonation will be carried out. From the preliminary results, it was possible to note that the presence of SFCC has an influence on the phases formed and on the hydration reactions of both Class G and YCC cement.

The valorisation of industrial residues or by-products in the production of Portland clinker is a promising alternative for developing sustainable cements. The complexity of chemical reactions during clinkering requires an appropriate dosing method that considers the effect of impurities in raw materials to maximise the potential substitution of natural resources with residues or by-products, while ensuring the reactivity requirements of clinker. This study investigated the effect of impurities from co-processed alternative raw materials on the production of ordinary and alternative Portland clinkers using thermodynamic modelling. In the first step, a dosing and optimisation method for raw meals was developed using thermodynamic modelling to facilitate the co-processing of alumina-rich residues and maximise the reactivity of Portland clinker. Then, this method was applied to co-process the spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (SFCC), focusing on experimentally evaluating the effect of its impurities on the clinker. In the third step, modelling was used to investigate the effect of some of the main impurities of SFCC (lanthanides) on clinker production. Subsequently, the study evaluated the effect of alkali metals on the manufacture of belite clinker using thermodynamic modelling validated with experimental data from the literature. Lastly, the influence of co-processed SFCC on high ferrite Portland clinker (HFPC) was investigated. The proposed dosing method optimised the composition of the raw meal, resulting in clinkers with higher amounts of tricalcium silicate (potentially more reactive) and limited tricalcium aluminate content. The dosed samples produced clinkers with more than 50% Ca5SiO3, even when 15% SFCC was co-processed in the raw meal. The optimised chemical combination of the impurities, the maximisation of cement reactivity, the reduction of natural limestone and clay consumption, and the proper disposal of SFCC are positive implications of the proposed method for clinker dosing. Thermodynamic modelling demonstrated that the co-processing of lanthanides promoted the formation of new compounds, mainly cubic perovskite containing Al and O. However, Ce2O3 remained in its pure crystalline forms. Increased lanthanide content generally stabilised calcium aluminoferrite, suggesting that these elements could be used to produce cements with high ferrite content and resistance to sulfate attack. Thermodynamic calculations simulated the formation reactions of belite clinker and confirmed the findings of previous experimental studies. In the presence of sodium (Na) doping, Ca3(Al,Fe)O6 was destabilised, resulting in orthorhombic tricalcium aluminate and minor phases. Potassium (K) doping increased Ca2(Al,Fe)O5 and potassium silicates as minor phases. The thermodynamic modelling of SFCC co-processing in HFPC differed from the experimental results for the CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 phases, mainly due to the simulation of new compounds containing dopants non-quantified by the experimental method. Thermodynamic modelling enhanced the understanding of phase evolution, the stabilisation of calcium aluminoferrite solutions, changes in the melt phase viscosity, and the volume of phases during the simulations. This technique proved to be an important tool for optimising industrial processes and environmentally safe production of clinkers containing residual raw materials.

With the growth of the internet and the consequent increase in computers and cell phones worldwide, the use of interactive tools has become increasing. In cartography, it was no different. The maps underwent a significant transformation and migrated from analog to digital format, becoming increasingly interactive. Given this, the interface must have a good quality for interactive systems to be used successfully. To obtain quality interfaces, they must be evaluated throughout development, enabling the identification of possible interaction problems. In this context, this work is inserted, which proposes an interface of a university campus map (MAP campus) from preliminary analysis, usability tests, and heuristic maps assessment available on the web. To achieve this goal, 30 university maps worldwide were listed and analyzed. This analysis allowed the selection of Maps Maps from the University of Arizona, Cambridge, and Delaware to perform the usability test and heuristic evaluation, performed by six users and six specialists, respectively. Usability tests aimed to evaluate the interface's quality through users' capacity to conclude the tasks proposed efficiently and the satisfaction of user interaction with the interfaces. The heuristic evaluation aimed to evaluate the interfaces according to the heuristic criteria of Nielsen. Usability tests and heuristic evaluation performed that the mode of use between the tools is similar, as the degree of satisfaction demonstrated by users by performing the proposed tasks was identical. In addition, it was noted that usability problems and heuristics that were not respected in the interfaces do not have significant differences. The analysis of the results obtained when evaluating these interfaces provided subsidies for developing the UFBA prototype MAP Campus. Among the suggestions for improvement is the inclusion of tools that make the interface more inclusive and perform usability tests and heuristic evaluation for the proposed interface to predict possible usability problems.

Transit Oriented Development - TOD, translated as Public Oriented Development
can be defined as public that occurs in the area of influence of a high-speed public
transport system such as the development of a public transport of an urban
design, of varied soil and an adequate density, covering non-motorized modes.
Linked to this, Brazil has urban legislation with the objective to be developed with
urban development in cities so the full well being that. In this context, the City
Statute (EC) was born, with great potential for urban transformation through
instruments, but which are rarely used or misused. From this point of view, the
objective of this research is to identify and evaluate strategies of the (TOD)
considering the potential contained in the various instruments of the City Statute
and the Mobility Law, aiming at promoting patterns of land use and occupation,
as well as, of urban mobility that are said to be sustainable, in the area of
influence of the RMS metro stations. The methodology is based on stages, taking
into account the 3 dimensions that support this investigation (Mobility Dimension,
Spatial Dimension and Urban Management Dimension) correlating them to the
TOD model to be applied in this research. Each stage will provide subsidies for
the elaboration of integrated and varied TOD policy implementation strategies
based on GIS techniques, taking into account the possible impact produced by
the application of the EC instruments, as well as the Mobility Law and the TUL
urban management instrument. Subsequently, the results will be able to
subsidize public mobility and urban development policies.

Due to the characteristics that make up the real estate activity in large cities and the way it operates, currently, the prices of real estate projects reflect and intensify the cost of urban land. The present work seeks to map the spatial concentration between real estate market prices through online classifieds for the sale of properties classified by type and spatialized by neighborhood, as well as the official values observed through the incidence of the Tax on the Transmission of Intervivos (ITIV) and Tax Urban Territorial Building (IPTU), applied to the city of Salvador-Bahia, as a case study. The method proposes the use of data available on the web recovered through the online data scraping technique (web scraping) through extensions installed in the browser from a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) website for real estate marketing. In this approach, attention is not only found between the values of the averages of the reference periods but also the survey of the potential and limitations of big data. In this context, in particular, the descriptive statistics of the data studied were verified, mapped at the level of products and the prices of real estate, and revealed the real estate turnover by calculating the stock of the product properties in this time frame. For the spatial analysis, cluster and outlier analysis methods are used, such as the Spatial Autocorrelation Indicator (LISA), which is decomposed by the Moran Global Index, Getis Ord Gi*, and by Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). As a result of the research were shown patterns of spatial distribution between official data and data announced by the formal market as discussed the size of inequality in the occupation of urban space given by the distribution of average prices.

The constructions of Brazilian semiarid are subjected to high temperature variability daily, this implies in unfavorable conditions to the habitations of this region related to the thermal performance. In the meantime, the use of technologies for thermal comfort of habitations shows inconveniences related to the application, since the consumption of nonrenewable raw materials, until the emission of polluting gases and harmful to human health. The development of a technology, based on vegetal and renewable materials to the thermal insulation on semiarid, would be in agreement with best modern practices to the sustainable development and less environmental impact. The sisal’s inflorescence (flecha) is a byproduct of Agave sisalana, specie explored in semiarid region to the production of fibers. However, the inflorescence is a sub estimated waste, it is found in oodles on the region which produces fibers from sisal, and according to the bibliography, it’s a lignocellulosic material and could be converted on reconstituted material, on the search for a thermal insulation solution to the edifications. Allied to this, the low thermal conductivity of cellulose  would become the developed panel a consistent thermal insulation solution to the edifications, with lower environment impact. The main goal of this word was to develop and to analyze a reconstituted material produced with sisal’s peduncle and polyurethane castor oil based resin, based in the affirmation of good thermal insulation of lignocellulosic materials. The sisal’s peduncle were characterized using the NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997); The microstructure of the peduncle, the chemical composition e  the thermal degradation were also studied. The reconstitution process were made base on bibliography and the NBR 14810 (ABNT, 2002), the were also used to study the physical and mechanical properties of produced panels. The thermal conductivity were analyzed according to NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005). The capacity to insulate was tested with the colorimeter method. It was also studied the level degradation of the panels using termites and the capacity of spread fire according to UL 94 V e H (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,1998). The found results are in deal with the results found in literature; The thermal degradation analyzes shows the stability of the developed material to be used as residential thermal insulation material. The physical characteristics of material as thickness swelling and water absorption are higher than results found in references, however the density and moisture content were lower the literature. The mechanical characteristics are compatible with the panel classification and the thermal insulation capacity as well the thermal conductivity had a higher performance compared with vegetal and synthetic thermal insulation materials.

Construction progress monitoring is one of the most important practices to achieve the success of construction, being a process that reflects the performance of the work in terms of time, cost, quality, and safety, among other aspects. However, the traditional progress monitoring method is prone to errors, as it relies heavily on human experience and visualization. In addition, most studies of progress monitoring have a gap due to the predominant focus on external areas. Thus, the main objective of this study is to propose a method for visually monitoring the progress of indoor and outdoor activities using Building Information Modeling (BIM), Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), and a 360º camera. For this, the Design Science Research (DSR) strategy was adopted in this study. Following the steps of the DSR, the study was developed through the phases of awareness, suggestion, development, evaluation, and conclusion. The problem awareness stage was developed by reviewing the literature on progress monitoring in Construction 4.0. In the suggestion stage, an empirical study was carried out at Jobsite A, a multifamily residential complex with 20 buildings in which data collection was tested using UAS and 360º camera. The most efficient ways of working with internal 360º photographs were studied and tests were carried out aiming at the integration of these data in different BIM 4D software. Based on these experiments, it was possible to define an initial proposal for a method for construction progress monitoring using the proposed technologies. The development stage involved another empirical study to validate the proposed method in Jobsite B, which corresponds to a residential complex with 13 buildings. After implementation, the method was evaluated and measured on a Likert scale based on the following constructs: the potential to impact the identification and evaluation of progress, contribution to transparency, utility, ease of adoption, and generalization to other companies and contexts. As a result, the method presented positive points in its simplicity, clarity, and easiness to visualizing the construction progress. The 360º camera proved to be useful for monitoring progress, with the potential also for applications to verify the quality of the execution of activities. As the main contribution of this study, there is the proposal of a method for visually monitoring the construction progress using BIM, UAS, and 360º camera, comprising procedures for preparation, collection, processing, data analysis, and decision-making concerning the construction progress. To assist in the operationalization of the method in construction contexts, recommendations were also proposed, and a protocol was developed to integrate the visual data collected into the 4D BIM model.

For stress-strain analysis of geotechnical problems, several software programs are usually used, with their various constitutive models, most of them based on the finite element method (FEM), considering the soil as a continuous medium. However, it is known that soils are formed by particles and when a stress is applied, this stress is transmitted particle by particle and consequently, when subjected to external loads, they present a complex behavior, which can be better visualized at the micro scale. Thus, the use of the discrete element method (DEM) can be an alternative to predict soil behavior in a broader and more realistic way. However, because it is a relatively new method, its implementation and performance evaluation should be compared to classical methods, which are already well established and present adequate results. Knowing this, the present work aims to determine the drained behavior of an alluvial sand, through experimental studies and numerical simulation of triaxial tests. The numerical modeling was done employing the finite element method, using the software Sigma/W and OPTUM G2 and through the discrete elements, in the C programming language. Through the results obtained, a comparative analysis was performed and a discussion of the advantages and limitations of each method in representing the behavior of soils when subjected to triaxial tests. In general, it was found that the samples tested through the numerical methods presented results similar to those observed in the laboratory, within their limitations. In the case of DEM, there is the high computational cost and for FEM, the constitutive models available in the commercial programs used.

Construction activities cause environmental impact, and one of the major impacts is related to atmospheric pollution by particulate matter (PM). However, studies on particulates from construction activities still require substantial advances for the consolidation and improvement of the extensive knowledge regarding PM from construction sites. Moreover, there is still no consensus on standardized experimental methods for PM monitoring in construction sites, making it difficult to advance knowledge on this topic. Therefore, there is a knowledge gap in identifying concepts and study variables in the face of PM exposure to support a more standardized and applicable monitoring system in construction. The main objective of this thesis is to propose guidelines for the measurement, monitoring, and analysis of PM in construction works. These guidelines were applied in a study protocol during twenty-two months at a construction site in the metropolitan region of Salvador-Brazil for gravimetric monitoring of PM (TSP and PM₁₀) and qualitative monitoring of the annoyance generated by sedimented particles and annoyance perceived by construction workers. Minivols samplers were used to gravimetric monitoring of PM, Sticky pad collectors were used to measure nuisance levels, and questionnaires were applied to construction workers. The monitoring was carried out in three construction activities phases, namely, Phase 1 – Execution of Earthworks and Foundations, Phase 2 – Execution of Structures, Fences and Masonry, and Phase 3 – Finishing Execution. From the results, critical and worrying levels of PM were identified, with TSP concentration levels higher than PM₁₀ levels. In addition, it was possible to identify high levels of annoyance caused by sedimented particles and verify that workers tend to generalize their perceptions in the face of the different phases of activities. The main theoretical contribution is the consolidation of knowledge regarding the suspended and sedimented particulate matter in the construction, enabling the understanding of the effect of some study variables related to the measurement, monitoring, and analysis of PM at construction sites, namely, the effect of sampling periods, the effect of different location groups, the effect of different phases of activities, the effects of meteorological variables, and the effects of the annoyance generated and perceived. As a practical contribution, the guidelines proposed in this thesis seek to support future research, directing decision-making to experimental sampling, and providing a reference for the measurement, monitoring, and analysis of particulate matter on construction sites. 

The Customer Requirements Management (CRM) has the challenge of reducing omissions and overlap between requirements in the retrofit project. For this, customer requirements must be identified and the existing building data must be reliable and accurate. This research proposed a model for CRM in the retrofit project to identify building attributes with the help of the BIM model. This research used a Case Study as a strategy which was subdivided into three steps: (a) exploratory study through interviews and Survey; (b) Case Study 1 and; c) Case Study 2. The exploratory study indicated key identification practices of identifying customer requirements and flagged the attributes of the existing building that influence the retrofit. Case Study 1 evidenced the practices of the CRM and pointed out, along with the BIM model, the attributes of the building and the restrictions of the retrofit project observed. In Case Study 2, the influence of the building attributes in the retrofit execution was verified and, in the BIM model, beyond the respective building attributes and the restrictions of the retrofit project. The visualization and accuracy of the information obtained in BIM allowed structuring a basis to verify requirements, with better conditions for decision making aimed at reducing omissions and overlaps between requirements. This research has theoretical contribution to understanding how BIM modeling should integrate the CRM process in the retrofit project. The practical contribution is organized in the form of guidelines for modeling of customer requirements and modeling of building attributes.

 The alkali-activated binder (AAB) is constantly using in researches at scientific acad-emy in the world. This material was used in large infrastructures and showed like sustainable substitute for Portland cement (PC). The AAB performance mechanical properties are high as PC. So, the construction and demolition waste (CDW) production increased substantially. The aim to this research is to study the use the recycled aggregates of CDW in alkali-ctivated mortar-based metakaolin (AAM) as partially replacing in 25 and 50% the natural aggregates of the total size of the AAM.

The recycling of secondary raw materials, such as asbestos-cement waste (ACW) has
become a priority due to its carcinogenic potential. Thus, the search for technologies
that make the reuse of ACWs feasible is seen as a way to minimize environmental
impacts and disease risks. In this sense, methods were developed to allow the ACW
inertization, with emphasis on heat treatments, which are the most used. However,
there is a lack of studies aimed at optimizing this procedure, since it is an expensive
task. Thus, this work proposes to define the optimal parameters of ACW heat treatment
to simultaneously inertize chrysotile and embryonicly, to evaluate the application of
ACW treated as a precursor to the production of CAA of a part. For the thermal
treatment of ACW, the optimization was performed by applying a 2k

factorial design
with a central point having as factors the temperature (600 and 800 °C), the calcination
time (1 and 3 hours) and the mass of ACW (1 and 5 kg), considering minimum and
maximum levels. Eleven experiments served for the elaboration of models that relate
the answers: calcite content (% calcite), chrysotile content (% chrysotile), belite content
(% C2S) obtained by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and ray-ray diffraction.
X (DRX). Simultaneous optimization was used to identify the optimal levels of the
factors so that complete chrysotile dehydroxylation occurs, energy expenditure and
CO2 emissions are minimized, and the content of belita (C2S) in the treated ACW is
maximized. Then, the treated ACW (ACWT) was used as a precursor to the production
of CAA of a part. The mixtures were prepared using ACWT, solid sodium metasilicate

(SiO2 / Na2O equal to 0.98) and water. Eleven formulations established using the I-
Optimal design, served as basic formulations for the statistical design of the mixture.

The formulations established in the statistical planning were characterized in terms of
rheology, physical-mechanical properties, thermal and mineralogical analysis. The
results of heat treatment show the complete dehydroxylation of chrysotile, with an
increase in the content of belita (C2S) and CO2 emission, for temperatures equal to or
higher than 700 °C. It was observed that the optimal conditions for the treatment were
5 kg of RCA, 800 °C, for 1 hour. Using these parameters, the chrysotile was completely
eliminated, and the treated waste showed 40.42% of belite, which gives the material
the agglomerating capacity, with an estimated CO2 emission of 175.6 gCO2/kg of
treated waste. Based on the dosage of the alkali-activated pastes, it was noticed that
the volumetric concentration of solids governed the rheological properties of the
pastes, the highest mechanical strengths were obtained for formulations with a
concentration of solid sodium metasilicate around 5%, at drying shrinkage was affected
by the ACWT mass fraction and the increase in sodium metasilicate concentration had
a strong influence on the accumulated heat of the pastes. According to the analyzes
performed, it was found that the ACWTs can be applied to the production of CAA and
the statistical design of the mixture is an efficient method for dosing this matrix.

In Brazil, monitoring of river flows is historical, there is a relative knowledge of water availability, however knowledge of water withdrawals is unusual. It is essential to reconcile supply management with demand management to guarantee access to water, especially in regions of conflict over water use. In Cerrado region in western Bahia, irrigation by central pivot method is one of the most used and plays a fundamental role in food production and socioeconomic development. In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the irrigated area and a decrease in water availability; thus, knowledge of the flow demanded for irrigation is essential for the management and sustainable growth of irrigated agriculture. In this sense, the general objective of this work is to propose a methodology to estimate water consumption in central pivots from the NDVI and water balance. The model uses weather station data to obtain reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and NDVI to calculate the crop coefficient (NDVI). To validate the method, results of potential evapotranspirations of crop (ETp) and irrigation depths were compared, calculated by remote sensing, with those of Irrigation Management Reports of 12 central pivots, from SAMA farm in Luís Eduardo Magalhães, during soybean harvests from 2018 to 2020. From 10 equations, the equation proposed by (RAFN, CONTOR and AMES, 2008) was chosen, which best adjusted for water demand calculation for soybeans, with no statistical difference for α = 0.05. In estimating the volume of water used in irrigation, the methodology proved to be effective for α = 0.01. It was possible to establish culture coefficients by remote sensing, with an initial Kc of 0.37, Kc in development phase of 0.68, Kc in critical phase of 1.09 and Kc in maturation phase of 0.68. The average volume, in three harvests, of water consumption in irrigation of soybeans was 2,545,410 m³, calculated by remote sensing, 2,317,525 m³ being constant in our Reports. The proposed methodology presents itself as an adequate tool to subsidize Demand Management, in order to provide certain water security in food production, income generation and jobs and to mitigate risk of conflicts over water use.

The city has always been a place of encounter, commerce and circulation: meeting people, exchanging information about society, providing access and connecting individuals to the various uses of the city. The historical evolution of urban mobility is marked by the rise, stability and decline of car ownership and use. The production of urban space aimed at the automobile scale was the paradigm applied in urban centers, shaping the urban fabric to individualized transport.
Numerous conflicts emerge from the contradictions of the model used - congestion, traffic accidents, air pollution, inducing changes in the climate - the impossibility of meeting the disproportionate use of vehicles, especially in denser urban areas, becoming evident. Therefore, the street is characterized as a space of dispute between the different urban actors who participate in the social life of the city. The street went through several urban transformations: what happened in open places (socializing, commerce and leisure), go to closed private places (shopping centers), inducing the valuation of the privatization of life. Consequently, with the change in the socialization cycle and the transformation of public and private values, there was an emptying and abandonment of public space (squares, parks and gardens). With the latent attention of the community to urban environmental quality and the enhancement of active mobility in the public space, concepts such as Shared space, Traffic calm, Shared streets and Complete streets are developed, in favor of the “city for people”. Since such concepts are products of international experiences and imported into other countries, such as Brazil, for
example, the necessary adaptations are necessary for their coherent application. The problem pointed out is that: the spaces produced through these concepts are being implemented only as tools for requalifying the environment and enhancing the urban fabric; without an evaluation of the performance of the built environment, without information on the level of services offered by these spaces and little data released after their occupation. Treating the public space in a fractional way implies reductionist and partial results. Thus, the relevance of a holistic approach in performance evaluation is highlighted, considering the plurality of technical aspects and their indicators. This research aims to propose a methodology for evaluating the performance of shared streets and complete streets. The methodological procedure for this study, uses a mix of reference methodologies, initiated with a bibliographic review of public spaces, usual streets, shared streets and complete streets. Its basic elements are identified, the main users of a street, the transformations, sectors and elements of appreciation of pedestrians in these public spaces.
Regarding performance evaluation methods, the logic of the basic elements identified and pointed out by the theoreticians as fundamental in an assessment of the built environment is followed. After this study, the architectural methodology proposes 7 (seven) aspects of performance evaluation for shared streets and complete streets, pointing out the relevant indicators for the valorization of these public spaces and socialization. The research applies one of the performance aspects on the shared street in the Barra neighborhood, in Salvador; and exemplifies a complete street performance evaluation in São Paulo. As a contribution to the academic community and society, it brings suggestions for improving public spaces during and after the pandemic, highlighting the theme Public Spaces x Covid-19.

In civil construction, mainly in the prefabricated industry, some practices generate uncertainties and delays in the development of the works, this is usually due to the interdependencies between the stages of manufacture, transportation, and assembly. This industry needs precise and synchronized coordination so that the on-site assembly process does not present discontinuity or material accumulation. The integration of BIM, IoT, and RFID technologies has shown great potential for the logistics aspects of this industry, being able to contribute to reducing the lack of synchronization of processes. The main goal of this study is to propose a system for BIM and IoT integration with the use of RFID to support the management of logistic processes in prefabricated concrete systems. The specific objectives are: to identify the information and processes necessary for logistic management in prefabricated concrete systems; define system functions using BIM, IoT, and RFID technologies in an integrated manner to support the logistical management of prefabricated concrete elements; develop a system that integrates BIM, IoT and RFID technologies to support the management of logistic processes for prefabricated concrete elements; Identify the benefits and limitations of using BIM, IoT and RFID technologies, in an integrated manner, to support the management of logistic processes in prefabricated concrete systems. The method used in this study is Design Science Research (DSR) and was divided into the following phases: awareness of the problem through a literature review; suggestion of the artifact through an exploratory study with three prefabricated factories and tests with software and hardware; development of the system based on experimental studies in the laboratory and the field; evaluation of the artifact through the constructs of functionality, transparency, and utility; conclusion of the work through a synthesis of the learnings and elaboration of the dissertation and articles. As main results, the system enabled the tracking and recording of the status of the elements, monitoring of the quality inspection steps, registration of the assembly processes, in addition to assisting in the communication and data synchronization. It is concluded that the system has the potential to support the management of logistic processes in prefabricated concrete systems.

Is presenting an experimental study with copolymer fiber reinforced dune sand, through the execution of conventional isotropically drained (CID) consolidated triaial tests and for different stress trajectories. Samples with dimensions larger than the conventional ones (100 x 200mm) were used, in order to obtain more representative results of a reinforced soil mass. To make the samples, fibers with different lengths (12, 5, 25 and 51mm) and contents (0.5%, 1, 0%) were used, in order to evaluate the influence of the fiber characteristics on the stress-strain behavior. ̃ation of the composite. The CID triaxial compression tests were performed in duplicate for four confines (50, 100, 200 and 400kP a), and 4 dq/dp stress trajectories (3, 1, 5, 10 and −3), making a total of 60 triaxial tests. Sand characterization was carried out with granulometric tests, maximum and minimum void index, specific mass of solids and permeability tests. For a better evaluation of the influence of the composites characteristics on the shear strength, a compilation of data from the literature was carried out to contribute to the formulation of an empirical model to predict the increase in deflection stress due to fiber inclusion. In order to deepen the prediction of behavior, the Machado, Carvalho and Vilar (2002) model, modified for soil/fiber, was tested to simulate the stress-strain and axial strain vs. volumetric strain behavior. The results indicate, in general, that the inclusion of fiber increases the shear strength of the soil, essentially for the highest contents and lengths tested in this research. The empirical model showed good adherence to the predicted data and the simulations with the modified model by Machado, Carvalho and Vilar (2002) present good predictive capacity for the mechanical behavior of the composite.

Plaster is a binder used in folders, mortars and precast parts such as panels and blocks for civil construction. It is an abundant material, with low cost, lightweight, and a short setting time, that is easy to mold, and also has a good finishing surface and resistance to high temperatures and fire. However, the plaster has a fragile behavior and with low tenacity. These characteristics limit the possibilities of applying plaster in the construction sector. In order to reduce the mechanical limitations of plaster, and also aiming material's application in structural functions to expand the possibilities of application in civil construction, this work studied the mechanical behavior of sandwich panels consisting of two faces of plaster reinforced with fiberglass fabrics and an extruded polystyrene foam core. Using the commercial software SAP2000, three computational models of the sandwich panels were elaborated and the four-points bending test were reproduced. The numerical analyzes of the bending test were carried out, which made it possible to establish the parameters of loads, stresses, deformations and displacements of the sandwich panels. The investigation of these parameters, it was possible to verify that the sandwich panels that had greater thicknesses and volumes of reinforcements contained in the face materials had greater load support capacity, stiffness and tensile and compression strength.

The wood frame construction system, compared to traditional systems, provides a re-duction in the waste generation at the construction site, causing less environmental impact. However, wooden buildings have problems in wet areas, because the contact of wood with water promotes the formation of mold, which is harmful to human health. To avoid this problem, other materials are applied in wet areas. Polymer composites with natural reinforcement have potential for application in these areas, due to the pro-tection that the polymer matrix brings to reinforcement, composing a material with low water absorption. In this context, this work aims to study a polymer composite rein-forced by particulate piassava lees for application in bathrooms of wood frame houses. Initially, the piassava lees preparation was carried out, with hexane treatment, grinding and granulometric classification to form the groups BP1 and BP2. Piassava lees were characterized in terms of density. Then, the specimens were made by hand layup with epoxy matrix and reinforcement in the proportions of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% by weight of piassava lees. The composites were evaluated according to density test, water ab-sorption test, uniaxial tensile test and three-point bending test in the dry state and after water absorption. It was verified that the incorporation of piassava lees to the compo-site reduced the density and increased the stiffness of the composites in comparison to epoxy in dry state. After contact with water, the composites showed low levels of water absorption and a gain in mechanical strength after 72 hours of immersion were verified. For application in wood frame houses, composites with 10% and 20% pias-sava lees showed the best mechanical performance and were capable of being applied as a complementary isolation material to the waterproofing system.

The insertion of vegetable fibers, such as sisal, in ceramic matrices is a way to improve the flexural strength, tenacity and post-cracking behavior of the material. Associated with this, the physical hornification treatment maximizes these benefits. Therefore, the present work sought to develop a composite of gypsum reinforced with hornified sisal fiber fabrics and analyze the influence of the treatment on the mechanical behavior of the material. For this purpose, a mixture of gypsum, water and a superplasticizer ad-ditive suitable for the manual molding process of the composite and a structural fabric of sisal bundles was developed. During the composites development process, the in-fluence of the number and direction of the reinforcement layers on the material's me-chanical performance was evaluated. All materials used to make the composite were chemically, physically and mechanically characterized. Regarding the composite, the mechanical performance was evaluated through four-point bending, tenacity, impact and damping tests. With the insertion of the fabric reinforcement, a significant improve-ment in the mechanical properties of the composite was observed, providing an in-crease in tenacity and greater structural stability in the tested samples, but no improve-ment in the mechanical performance of the composites was observed with the realiza-tion of hornification of the fabric.

Glass fiber reinforced polymer rebar (GFRP) has been considered as a solution to prevent the degradation of reinforced concrete structures, thus reducing the economic impact resulting from the maintenance and rehabilitation activities of these structures. However, the durability of these rebars, in alkaline environment or high temperatures, is still a concern, due to the physical, chemical, and mechanical changes that can occur, causing the reduction of their useful life. In this context, seeking a better understanding of degradation mechanisms in high aggressive environments, this study evaluated the durability of GFRP rebars, manufactured with polymeric isophthalic polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy, with nominal diameters of 6.0 and 13.0 mm. Thus, accelerated aging tests of GFRP rebars were performed in alkaline solution (pH 8.5, 12.6, and 13.5) and in concretes without mineral addition and with the addition of silica fume and carbonated concrete, at temperatures of 23 ˚C,40 ˚C and 60 ˚C and with different exposure periods (500 h, 1000 h and 3000 h). In addition, an exposure test was performed at high temperatures at 23 ˚C, 150 ˚C, 300 ˚C and 350 ˚C in two situations: the first with direct exposure in the GFRP rebars and the second, the rebar were embedded in concrete with cover thickness of 20 mm. The degradation in glass fibers, polymer matrix, fiber-matrix interface and rebar/concrete interface were evaluated before and after exposures using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential exploratory calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopy (FTIR), in addition, mechanical analysis was performed by tensile tests, shear, interlaminar shear strength and adhesion. The results showed the degradation of GFRP rebars aged in concrete was lower when compared to aged rebars in alkaline solution. The degradable effects were attenuated using silica fume in concrete, with loss in interlaminar shear strength of 11.3%. In addition, the carbonation of concrete resulted in an environment less harmful to GFRP rebars, with a 10.7% reduction in interlaminar shear strength after 3000 h of exposure. When exposed to high temperatures, the traction behavior of GFRP rebars has a significant influence of the polymer matrix, and the epoxy matrix showed the best performance after exposure, followed by rebar with vinyl and polyester matrix. The use of active silica improved the performance of concrete covering and, consequently, improved the protection to GFRP rebars, making it difficult to diffuse oxygen and heat. The rebar/concrete adhesion was compromised by the thermal degradation of the ribs of the GFRP rebar.

In the past few years, the construction industry has aroused the need to turn its attention to sustainability in construction and improving its environmental performance. One of the strategies adopted by the sector is to measure performance through the use of indicators to monitor the impacts generated by its activities and to support the decision-making process. The Brazilian Habitat Quality and Productivity Program (PBQP-H) started to require, in 2012, the collection of six sustainability indicators which are: indicator of waste generation throughout the construction, indicator waste generation at the end of the construction, indicator of water consumption throughout the construction, indicator of water consumption at the end of the construction, indicator of energy consumption throughout the construction and indicator of energy consumption at the end of the construction. However, the collection of the indicator does not improve performance by itself. Companies need benchmarks to guide their goals and drive performance improvement. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the scenario and the evolution of the environmental performance of building construction sites regarded to PBQP-H sustainability indicators. This research also aims to: (a) establish benchmarks for the six PBQP-H indicators, (b) identify construction systems and construction phases that are generating more impact, and (c) develop a predictive model for environmental performance indicators for construction site. The research strategy adopted in this paper is the survey, involving the following steps: (a) literature review, (b) data collection in 9 (nine) Brazilian states and the Federal District, in a total of 186 (one hundred and eighty-six) sites, (c) qualitative and statistical analysis of the data and (d) evaluation of the results obtained. As main results of the study, benchmarks were established for the six PBQP-H indicators in general, by construction system and by construction progress scopes. From the statistical analysis and application of hypothesis tests, it was possible to evaluate the incidence of greater environmental impact based on characteristics of the construction, such as construction system and phase. In addition, a predictive model of indicators of water consumption and energy and waste generation throughout the construction in the general and by construction system scopes was established, using Artificial Neural Networks. The main contribution of this study is the indication of subsidies for managers to improve the environmental performance of building construction by setting goals and implementing good practices to mitigate environmental impacts.

Research on the produce of alternative cements with lower environmental impact (zero clinker) has been gaining increasing interest, mainly by emitting lower amounts of CO₂ into their production. These binders, denominate geopolymers, are got from the alkaline activation of materials rich in SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, and may derive from by-products/industrial waste, thus being binders with low environmental impact. However, few studies addressing the durability of this binder have been developed, leaving a gap regarding the evaluation of the service life and potential of Portland cement replacement. Thus, the present research aims to estimate the durability of concretes containing geopolymeric binders through tests that measure the performance of chlorides, such as chloride migration tests, corrosion potential, electrical resistivity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), besides its behavior regarding freeze-thaw cycles, alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and carbonation. The materials used for the production of geopolymeric concretes were metakaolin, alternative sodium silicate, water, sodium hydroxide, besides fine and coarse aggregates and, for comparison, it was cast concrete with Portland cement of the same strength class, beyond a third geopolymer mixture with the same water/dry material ratio as conventional concrete. Results show that geopolymers have an equivalent or even greater durability to Portland cement concrete, making its large-scale use reliable and contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts associated with cement production and its use in civil construction.

The durability and safety of concrete structures are directly related to the efficiency of their execution. In densely reinforced structures or with complex geometries, filling the molds is difficult, which may result in concrete failures that compromise the performance and durability of the structure. Thus, self-compacting concrete (SCC) appears as a possible solution to this problem, as it has the ability to flow only by the action of its own weight. In this way, the use of SCC in buildings has numerous advantages, such as: better surface finish, speed in execution and greater architectural freedom. For this, SCC typically has a high dosage of superplasticizer additives and/or viscosity modifiers and a high content of fines to guarantee the necessary rheological characteristics, which ends up making the product more expensive. With this, the use of granite rock fines (FRG) appears as a possible solution, since its incorporation helps to obtain the necessary properties, reducing the consumption of additives and, consequently, the cost of concrete. In addition to FRG, manufactured sand can be used to partially replace natural sand, in order to reduce the environmental and social impacts related to its excessive extraction. Therefore, the present work aims to study the dosage of SCCs, with addition of FRG and partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand, in order to obtain mixtures with adequate rheological parameters and performance in the hardened state, using for this lower content of additive superplasticizer and aiming to eliminate the need to incorporate the viscosity modifying additive. First, the physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of the FRG was carried out, followed by paste analysis to determine the levels of fines to be used. Subsequently, analyzes in the fresh state were carried out on self-compacting mortars (mortars that make up self-compacting concrete) to determine the volume of fine aggregate by mini-V funnel and mini slump test tests. In SCCs, the fresh state analyzes aimed to determine the performance of the different formulations through the slump test, T₅₀₀, visual stability index, V-funnel, L-box, J-ring and segregation column. Finally, the properties of concretes and mortars in the hardened state were evaluated by checking its compression and bending traction strength, water absorption by apparent capillarity, apparent porosity and density. For the SCCs, the drying shrinkage of the specimens was also analyzed. The results show that mortars and concretes dosed with simultaneous incorporation of FRG and manufactured sand showed mechanical performance equivalent to the reference dosages. In addition, it was found that the incorporation of FRG is the factor with the greatest influence on the increase in viscosity and reduction of apparent porosity and water absorption by capillarity of the analyzed matrices while the manufactured sand has no significant influence. It is also noticed that all the studied dosages, with isolated and simultaneous incorporation of FRG and manufactured sand, presented less drying shrinkage when compared to the reference dosage.

The complexity involved in the analysis of the flow of substances in granular substrates is attributed, in addition to the complexity inherent to each phase involved, to the various phenomena developed by the interaction of the percolating fluid with the soil particles. Obtaining transport parameters is essential to predict the progress of contamination and to assist in the management of contaminated areas. In this research, results of column tests are used to analyze the transport of the dissolved phase of a fluid, production water (AP), with a high content of petroleum hydrocarbons in a sandy-clay soil, called várzea soil, coming from the surroundings. of an onshore oil exploration area. Among the processes established during the percolation of the fluid under study, reductions in permeability were detected, as a consequence of the occurrence of the clay dispersion phenomenon. The results of the column tests showed decays in the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) of the collected fluids, which required in the modeling of the arrival curves the use of a non-linear decay term (m), which was associated with the occurrence degrading activity of hydrocarbons by microorganisms native to the soil. To certify the existence of TPH degrading microbiota, a set of microbiological tests, with the application of traditional laboratory techniques and genetic analyzes, were used in soil samples taken from the columns at different times. Microorganisms cultured using traditional techniques (plate culture with culture medium) were isolated and subjected to oxidation tests with the DCPIP indicator for the selection of fungi and bacteria with the potential to degrade hydrocarbons. The selected specimens had their genomes sequenced (Sanger Sequencing) and could be identified. Species of bacteria (belonging to the genera Bacillus and Lysinibacillus) and fungi (genera Malassezia and Talaromyces) were detected, not yet associated in the literature with the degrading activity of TPH. Metagenomic analyzes performed on soil samples revealed that the highest percentages of the soil bacterial community were associated with HTP consumption, according to literature data. All microbiological tests, performed after column tests, pointed out the predominance of bacteria in relation to fungi. The confirmation of the existence of native microorganisms with potential for hydrocarbon degradation in the analyzed várzea soil samples, opens the possibility of developing more appropriate and safer in situ biological remediation techniques for the area. In addition, the incorporation of these organisms to low permeability soils can enable the system of mineral / biological containment barriers, in addition to the retention of the contaminant, its degradation. 

Connections are critical points of wood structures. Their mechanical behavior can conditionate the overall performance of structures. On the face of it, there is a request for materials that can meet the various possible demands. Regarding connectors for wood structures, most of the innovations developed are composed of metal parts. However, metal connectors are subject to corrosion. Corrosion of the metal connectors compromises its durability, influencing the safety of the structure and the sustainable performance of the construction. In this scenario, the wooden pegs constitute a possible alternative to the use of metallic connectors. The objective of this work is to propose a new reinforcement concept for wood dowels forming a new composite with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Physical and mechanical characterization of the studied wood were carried out to propose their use based on their structural capacity. In addition, reinforced dowels and link prototypes were fabricated and their mechanical properties investigated through experimental tests. As a result, it was observed that the wood dowels reinforced with carbon fiber obtained a performance as a structural connector superior to the dowels without CFRP. Through analytical and experimental methods, the value of the bending moment was found for unreinforced and reinforced dowels using the proposed technique.

The civil construction sector in Brazil seeks to expand and apply techniques to construction materials that minimize environmental impact. In this context, wood stands out for being a renewable and versatile material, which encompasses several construction systems and engineered products. LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) is an engineered product made of thin layers of wood veneers with a thickness varying between 2 to 3 mm, glued with synthetic adhesive with the fibers arranged parallel to the main axis of the element. The Eucalyptus genus has enormous potential in terms of supplying wood for the most varied purposes and, in addition, its wood is booming in the civil construction sector, but it is necessary that its wood be fully treated for use in structural elements. This work aims to characterize the strength classes and compare the physical and mechanical properties of the structural elements in LVL of the species Eucalyptus pellita with treated and untreated CCA veneers. The methodology is organized in two parts: in the first, the lamination, cooking and drying and preservation processes are described, and in the second, the physical tests of moisture and density, the mechanical shear tests parallel to the fibers, compression parallel to the fibers and flexion are presented. simple for solid wood and also for LVL pieces, according to NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997). The results showed that LVL made with Eucalyptus pellita veneers is an engineered product with good mechanical performance and has great potential to be used in civil construction, as this product has several barriers against termites in its composition the environmental impact.

This research refers to the study of the location and accessibility for public services of fundamental education, aiming to develop a methodological proposal aimed at analyzing in an integrated way the functional logic and spatial distribution of public education equipment, considering in this context its access through sustainable mobility solutions and transport and land use. It also aims to present an integrated approach to transport and land use, more specifically on how uncontrolled urban dispersion strongly impacts public services, specifically elementary schools, increasing displacements and creating irregular routes of chartered municipal school transport, causing poor performance of these networks, which contributes to the increase of social segregation. As specific objectives, we seek to analyze the attributes related to the location and demand of public education equipment, evaluate the territorial performance of the network that provides chartered municipal school transportation service to these equipment and analyze the mobility and accessibility profiles of the educational pedagogical stage of the final years of elementary school, aiming to identify the specific potential demands of this age group. It also seeks to propose strategies and/or solutions of sustainable mobility that meet the specific potential demands according to the mobility profiles and accessibility of each pedagogical stage. This work has as research object the location of teaching equipment, the mobility needs and accessibility of the educational pedagogical typology of elementary II. This research in terms of modality and type proposes to be exploratory and applied, and as for the approach seeks to translate into numbers the information collected to be classified and analyzed using spatial analysis techniques

The present dissertation consists of proposing a methodology for the application of Ge-ographic Intelligence in the actions of Bahia Military Fire Brigade (CBMBA) for the Carnival of Salvador, emphasizing the applicability of this methodology in the work of other instituti-ons that organize mega street events. It started from the research hypothesis that the use of tools associated with Geographic Intelligence, to the comprehension of the temporary impacts related to the public security during the Carnival, as a kind of urban phenomenon of ephemer-al urbanism, within the mega street event genre, allows detailed analyzes and solutions to the practical problem of evaluating and subsidizing CBMBA's public action based on the audien-ce flow pattern and understanding the spatialization of Carnival, through space-time categori-es.
This work was performed into two stages. In the first stage, the demands that require spatial information support from the institutions which are responsible for security and pre-servation of public life were indentified. Followed (based on these demands) by the survey of cartographic data and the installed structure for the construction of a georeferenced base of spatial data, from which it is possible to realize spatial analyzes to understand the spatial dynamics of the phenomenon. This survey was performed with free tools, associated with Geographic Intelligence, also used in the second stage, when the analyzes and simulations were efectivelly realized.
These tools were chosen based on the identification of the needs associated to the work of managing a mega street event, when the organizing intitutions need to realize a structured, connected and optimized planning. For this structured planning, and again based on the de-mands, it was identified the need for tools that would allow the mapping (institutional colla-borative) of the installed structures to hold the event, its georeferencing and analysis and a comparison with what was planned.
Using the work of CBMBA at the Carnival of Salvador as a case study, it was possible to identify, as requests for support of spatial information, the need to evaluate the operational dynamics on the ground of its personnel, as well as the consolidation of its Emergency Plan for Carnival. Analyzing the data collected on-site and comparing them with the cartographic bases, it was possible to provide the CBMBA with information that allows a re-evalluation of its staff operational dynamics on the ground, in addition to better structuring its Emergency Plan. It was also possible to identify tools that might be customized for the Corparation’s ex-clusive use, focusing on the identified demands.
Thus, it is worth mentioning three important contributions, resulting from this research, from the use of tools associated with Geographic Intelligence tools: i) proposal to create a free and low-cost app, that may be installed on mobile phones, which will be under the responsibi-lity of the groups. This App might be incorporated into the CBMBA and be managed by its technical staff. It is important to note that the content that will compose this app was built based on the discussions held with the CBMBA. At that moment, the intitution’s demands were identified based on the different way in which they participate in events, compared to corporations from other locations; ii) elaboration of a cartography to support the work of CBMBA, with definition of format, symbology and specific information plans (layers) for the performance of activities realized in PCBOMs, GBOMs and by vehicles, during Carnival. A cartography formated specifically for this purpose. And, iii) establishment of expetitious sur-vey procedures for structures and the space ocupation during Carnival. This survey may be used to elaborate and adjust the Emergency Plan, and to manage the Carnival, allowing even intervention actions during the event.

The generation of industrial waste and by-products and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions are related to human activities and population growth, bringing serious consequences if they are not controlled and mitigated. These issues have been a target of concern worldwide and have been gaining the interest of researchers and the industry in the search for solutions with technical and economic feasibility, in addition to innovative alternatives for use in civil construction. Since cement is the most widely used building material in the world, its production process demands a large amount of natural resources, in addition to high energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Thus, the cement industry has been looking for solutions and procedures that effectively reduce the use of these resources as well as emissions of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, civil construction, a major consumer of natural resources and cement itself, is responsible for the generation of a significant portion of solid urban waste (MSW), with around 60% of this, in mass, corresponding to civil construction waste (CCW). In this scenario, with the search for actions aimed at mitigating the impacts caused by the cement sector and aiming at an appropriate destination to the CCW, the present research aims to show the technical feasibility of incorporating CCW in partial replacement of the clay-limestone system in Portland clinker production. For this, the physicalchemical characterization of the raw materials used was carried out, followed by dosing, with the total replacement of the clinker clay by CCW, incorporating the mixture of 9.1 to 14.3% of its fraction slim. The raw mixes were manufactured and calcined at 1340, 1400 and 1450ºC. The clinkers were characterized mineralogically, by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, to verify the formation of the main crystalline phases formed. Subsequently, the clinkers were ground, resulting in Portland cements, which had their physical-mechanical properties evaluated, in addition to the hydration mechanism. The results showed that the partial substitution of the limestone-clay mixture provides a reduction of up to 8.1% in the CO2 emission, from raw materials, in the production of clinker, since the CCW acts as an alternative source of calcium in the formulation of the flour, partially replacing the limestone, without prejudice to the formation of the mineralogical phases of the cement, mainly the alita (C3S). The analyzes showed the potential of using the CCW, since the experimental cements presented a performance similar to industrial cements, used as a reference.

This research work proposes to apply the lean philosophy principle of minimizing or eliminating non-value adding activities to reduce transportation waste in construction production processes. This study adopts design science research because of its prescriptive character to produce innovative constructions (artifacts) to solve real-world
problems. The artifact proposed is a set of constructs for evaluating the utility of 4D BIM simulations for transportation waste reduction. The authors performed two learning cycles using empirical studies in Projects A, B, and C. The construction process of cast-in-place (CIP) reinforcement concrete (RC) was selected to demonstrate and evaluate 4D BIM's utility. The empirical studies focused on understanding the current transportation waste, collecting actual performance data during job site visits, and demonstrating the usage of 4D BIM. In the first cycle, 4D BIM successfully allowed users to understand the CIP-RC process's transportation activities, which were modeled.
In the second cycle, 4D BIM enabled better decision-making processes concerning the definitions of strategies for placing reusable formworks for CIP concrete walls by planning transportation activities. In Cycle 2, three different scenarios were simulated to identify the most suitable formwork assembly planning, and the results were compared to the real situations identified during the job site visits. The scenario chosen demonstrated that the 4D BIM simulation yielded an 18.75% cycle time reduction. In addition, the simulation contributed to a decrease in transportation waste that was previously identified. The original contribution of this paper is the use of 4D BIM simulation for managing non-value adding activities to reduce transportation waste. The utility of
4D BIM for the reduction of those conflicts considered three constructs: (1) the capacity to improve transportation activity efficiency, (2) the capacity to improve construction production efficiency, and (3) the capacity to reduce transportation waste consequences.

he present dissertation is consisted in the quality of cartographic data in the OpenStreetMap (OSM) collaborative mapping platform. The choice for OSM was given due to the great number of registered contributors who constantly interact with it (abundance of data). We based on the research hypothesis that the collaborative OSM data can be used to complement reference maps, once its quality parameters are determined. This research was divided into two main stages. The first stage is characterized by the use of cartographic quality indicators for positional accuracy, thematic accuracy and completeness. They were used for the validation of vector files coming from OSM. The second stage consists of the verification of that information behavior through statistical dispersion analyses. We’ve also analyzed the image’s characteristic that feed the platform and the scale of edited point and polygon features. The positioning accuracy evaluation was done in three areas of study: The campus of Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), the county of Salvador-BA and the county of Entre Rios-BA. The analyses related to the completeness and thematic accuracy were performed in the county of Salvador-BA. The analysis of the statistical dispersion was made through the tendency and accuracy tests in three different types of applications. Dispersion parameters were established, allowing that comparative analyses could be performed in relation to the sample behavior of the discrepancies obtained in heterogeneity levels. The scale verification that is adequate to the representation of the OSM features was given by analyses related to the types of graphic primitives presented in the same category and by the aspects of a presentation scale in obtaining polygon features in the platform. Concerning the positional accuracy, it was found that the analyses must be performed so that a range of scales is obtained. It must reflect the characteristics of the mapped area and the geometric quality must be related to the image from Bing, which feeds OSM. In the verifications using punctual feature samples, the obtained scale varied from 1:20.000 to 1:30.000 and in linear features it varied from 1:45.000 to 1:50.000. In the verifications concerning the completeness, the features that correspond to many road axes showed better results in relation to the polygon and punctual features. The road axes showed a completeness percentage of 82% in the verified areas. In the polygon and punctual features (educational, health and religion), the completeness percentage varied from 27% to 46%. In the thematic accuracy analyses, it was found that the main source of errors related to the OSM features are characterized by the absence of toponyms in the issues. In the verified road axes this percentage was 58% and in the polygon and punctual features the percentage was 31%. A duplicity of elements in the graphic primitives of points and polygons was found in both the analyses of completeness and thematic accuracy, which were quantified in the county of Salvador-BA with a percentage of 16% of the verified sample. It was concluded that the collaborative data potential to complement the reference cartography is related with the measurement of the heterogeneity of information in different regions, and to the evaluations that filter the OSM data which are indeed necessary for certain analyses.

The creation of performance norm NBR 15575 originated the need to stablish parameters that could be assessed to identify the behavior used by the systems of an edification. Fulfilling these system's lifespan is intimately connected to how long they maintain their ability to resist to environmental influences. The façade, an element constantly exposed to weathering, shows a high probability of developing pathologies, compromising its durability and lifespan. The prediction of the conservation state of façade systems through models of degradation measurements could represent its behavior through the years. Thus, the present study developed a model to measure façade degradation called Degradation Factor (FDeg, in Portuguese), which allows the classification of pathologies according to its intensity, importance and relative cost. The Survey Method was used to select parameters and its ponderations, aiming for results through the perception of experts in this field. A case study of edifications with the studied coating types (finishing in paints and ceramic) was used to verify the applicability of this model. The edifications had different ages and exposure conditions and were situated in Salvador, Bahia. The results show that the model is applicable not only on the studied façades, but also those that showcase both types of finishing together. It was also realized that generally finishing in paint was more susceptible to pathologies, showing higher degradation levels, when compared to ceramic, with the same analysis criteria.

A search for new materials that replace Portland cement has been increasing over the years because of an environmental and durability problem. This context the basis of aluminosilicates the common products used in production of alkali-activated binders (AAA). These are a proposal for total or partial replacement of Portland cement for high mechanical strengths, a high thermal resistance and a possibility of incorporation of agroindustrial residues. Results measurement processes continued to be scarce and the risks of years more difficult to achieve. Thus, the present work is to study an alkali-activated binder in the chemical stabilization of soils for road pavements. The research began with an experimental program, where the characterization of the raw materials, the development of the alkali and cement dosages and the mixing process of the same occurred. The precursor (source of alumina and silica) was metakaolin, the activator (the alkaline material) the alternative sodium silicate and the soil stabilized as clayey with little silt. There were 5 principles, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20% of metacaulim plus alkaline activator. These were compared to the soil-cement mixture with 7% addition and with the natural soil. In the preliminary evaluation of the samples, intensive tests of resistance to the simple economy and CBR were carried out. Soil-AAA mixtures (10, 15 and 20%) are superior to the soil-cement mixtures. However, the percentage of 7% of metakaolin was what increased the lower material consumption and mechanical resistance higher than 2.1 MPa. This being the last element of choice chosen to stabilize. O, the percentage of 7% of metacaulim was the lowest material consumption and mechanical strength higher than 2.1 MPa, being this the deposition content for the stabilization of the studied soil and for the other characterization and durability tests , the final step of the research. At this stage it was observed that the alkali-activated agglomerate modified a soil structure promoting the geopolymer reactions, generating greater adhesion between the genera and thus interfering in the soil properties. Thus, by analyzing the results of the studies, the stabilization with actively obtained materials proved to be an innovative and viable material to improve the properties of the soils applied to road pavements.

The durability of buildings is a subject of great interest to the construction industry. Avoiding the appearance of pathological manifestations, developing and improving maintenance methodologies, mainly in structural elements, is one of its main challenges. In Brazil, the most used corrective intervention technique is the localized repair with Portland cement mortar modified with polymers and gratings. One of the main problems of these materials is the lack of effective knowledge of their durability over time. In view of the above, it is necessary to advance studies that seek alternative materials for use as repair material, offering good durability and performance against aggressive agents of the environment. In this context, alkali activated materials appear as an alternative to organic polymers and with potential to be applied as repair material. The objective of this work is to develop a mortar based on metakaolin activated with sodium silicate and evaluate its durability for use as a repair material. For this, the physical-mineralogical characterization of the materials and then the traces of 3 alkali-activated slides were performed, varying only the molar ratio between H₂O/Na₂O (10; 12 and 14). The behavior of these alkaline activated sludges, when submitted to environmental cure (CA) and oven cure (CE), at a constant temperature of 55 °C during the first 24 hours after molding, was also evaluated. Then, the mechanical and durability behavior of these 3 alkali activated pulps was evaluated to determine which pulp would be suitable for use in the production of alkali activated mortar for use as repair material. With the molar pulp ratio of 10, presenting the best results in relation to the mechanical behavior and durability evaluated. Finally, mortars activated with alkali (AAA) of molar ratio, between H₂O/Na₂O equal to 10, were evaluated and their mechanical and mechanical strength were evaluated in the CA and CE conditions. It was also evaluated the behavior of these samples in extreme situations, such as in fire situations and attacks on aggressive solutions. It was concluded that AAA submitted to CE presented superior mechanical resistance to mortars submitted to CA. Regarding durability, the studied AAA showed good performance to be used as repair material.

The enterprises responsible for the attraction and generation of trips, known as Trip Generators (TG), have emerged due to urbanization and the consequent need for densification of places attractive to the population, causing changes in the territory. Urban planning instruments are intended to minimize the negative impacts of the implementation of such Trip Generators, with most of these impacts arising from use of motorized transport. The Neighborhood Impact Study (NIS) is used in the TG Licensing Process. By working in the traditional mode, the study directs at the individual motorized transport way the actions to mitigate negative impacts promoted by those enterprises. The objective of this project is to propose the incorporation of indicators aiming at sustainable mobility for the TG Licensing. The methodology used in this research approaches the literature review regarding TG and licensing, its relevant legislation, sustainable urban mobility and accessibility issues, selection and structuring a set of sustainable urban mobility indicators, a survey with transport specialists in the appraisal of TG projects and finally a comparative analysis with the introduction of selected indicators. A first screening was performed based on state-of-the-art work sustainable urban mobility indicators. It was possible to identify the sustainable urban mobility indicators that have the ability of operate in the impact region of the Trip Generators. They were effective and structured in three different influence areas: the primary, the secondary and the tertiary, as well in the Social, Environmental and Economical Dimensions. This identification based on these specificities provide distinctive indicators for each spatiality promoting urban mobility indicators that are, in fact, sustainable and essentials. The applicability of the indicators was analyzed through a comparison with a license previously approved by the responsible municipal agencies. This comparative analysis allowed us to assess the sustainability of transport modes and land use. It was concluded that the use of sustainable urban mobility indicators promotes improved mobility in the impact region of a TG, thus being important for sustainable development in the area covered by the enterprise. However, this research contributes to the alignment of sustainable urban mobility to the Trip Generators licensing process.

The present research is exploratory, regarding its objectives; of the Applied type as to its nature; of the Quantitative type, regarding the approach of the problem; and of the Bibliographic and Experimental type, regarding the technical procedures. The search method employed is the deductive one. The objective of the project is to comparatively analyze two non-parametric classification methods (the “Support Vector Machine” - SVM and the “Artificial Neural Network” - ANN) of regions of high spatial resolution images associated with Laser Scanning data. airborne. Similarly, the study aims to verify what kind of influence the attribute layers have on the performance of the respective classifiers (SVM AND ANN). The cartographic object that delimits the study is the databases related to the road network, as these are very important for human society due to their relevant role in people's daily lives. In addition, in recent decades, many methodologies have been proposed regarding the challenge posed by semi-automated road network extraction using remote sensing techniques. This difficulty can be proven in the review of some works related to the theme and published in the last decade. Mena (2003) and Ziems et al (2017) have shown that the problem of semiautomated extraction of road regions (streets or highways) is widely analyzed by various areas of science, and proposals based on genetic algorithms or expert systems are increasingly recurrent. In this context, nonparametric methods emerge as a strong trend. Therefore, the analyzes proposed in this project will be done in a controlled testing and validation environment, where both classifiers will receive the same set of training samples, the same sets of attributes obtained by aerophotogrammetry and with very high spatial resolution and radiometry ( gray level images of the visible spectrum, near infrared spectrum and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), as well as validated from the same true field image and through literature-consolidated procedures such as the Kappa Coefficient. A simple and non-repetitive combination of available information plans will allow us to analyze the influence of each layer on the attribute space and on the performance of each of the classifiers.

This work presents the use of column tests carried out on compacted samples using three different soils (denominated as Vermelho, Várzea and Piçarra), under different compaction conditions to evaluate their performance in the containment of production water from on shore production.The effectiveness of a containment basin, in the event of a possible availability of the stored products, is a function of its hydraulic parameters under saturation or non-saturation conditions, which may vary due to physical-chemical changes in the soil structure, and phenomena such as dispersion, biofilm formation and pore clogging. The experimental program consisted of conducting monitored column tests with tensiometers and FDR probes for the simultaneous determination of flow parameters (saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity) and transport of contaminants (hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, retardation factors, decay constant).In these tests, the instantaneous profile technique was used to determine the hydraulic conductivity curve and through the chemical analysis of the effluents it was possible to model hydrocarbon migration as well as the understanding of the cation exchange during percolation (by the change in cations concentration). The soils studied come from the PETROBRAS / UO-RNCE onshore oil production zone and are classified by USCS as SC, being compacted with different energies to carry out the tests. In the majority of the tests, there was a reduction of saturated permeability over time, due to the phenomena described above. The retention and hydraulic conductivity curves obtained for the soils Vermelho, Várzea and Piçarra using the instantaneous profile method presented results consistent with the values obtained by the van Genuchten (1980) predictive method. It was verified the occurrence of degradation of the organic contaminants by the microorganisms present in the Várzea soil. To accomplish the modeling of the Breakthrough curve, in this case, a new method has been suggested which have been adapted equations existing in the literature, generating more consistent results with the experimental results obtained in the three column tests. It was also analyzed the phenomenon of reduction of k during percolation, discussing the hypotheses for the occurrence of this phenomenon and the consequence in the migration of the contaminants. The effect of increasing the compaction energy was discussed from the experimental results obtained from the tests using the Piçarra soil. This dissertation made it possible to obtain parameters that can help decision making by
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companies in the oil production sector, both in the construction of the most economical and safe containment basins and in the mitigation measures to be taken in the event of leaks during extraction or storage of production water. The monitored column test proved to be very useful in the determination of hydraulic parameters and transport of contaminants. The hypotheses for reduction of k by clay dispersion obstruction and filtration of suspended organic matter were validated while the hypothesis of reduction by microbial activity was found to be ineffective.

This work investigated the percolation of crude oil, produced water and treated effluent from the produced water, in natural sandy soils. Both, liquids and soils were from oil exploration areas in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará (UO-RNCE), Brazil. The soil samples were collected in seven different areas of the oil field, and those used in this work are designated as, 1A, 1B, 3A, 4A, 4B, 6A and 7A. The percolation of produced water (AP) occurred in the soils 1A, 3A, 4A, 4B, 6A and 7A; of treated effluent (ET) in the soil 6A and crude oil in the soil 1B. The laboratory tests allowed to obtain retention curves (drainage and wetting), saturated permeability, and the transport parameters: retardation factor (Rd), hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (Dh) and longitudinal dispersivity coefficient (αL). Retention curves in the drainage branch were determined by vaporization tests and tensiometry technique. Retention curves in the wetting branch were obtained during the transient regime in percolation columns using a pair of sensors (humidity and suction). Regarding the transport parameters, they were obtained by means of the column tests on undisturbed samples of the soils, in which the hydrocarbon flow, measured by the parameter TPH, was also evaluated. This measure was replaced by the electrical conductivity measurement, after being demonstrated, experimentally, that these two parameters were correlated. In the percolation of the produced water (AP) and the treated effluent (ET), the breakthrough curves were adjusted with analytical model, and the results are the following. The retardation factor (Rd) was close to 1.0 in the six samples (1A, 3A, 4A, 4B, 6A and 7A), due to the low interaction of the solutes with the porous matrix. The values of the longitudinal dispersivity coefficient (αL), from 1 to 22 cm; of the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (Dh), from 10-3 to 10-2 cm² / s; and of the Peclet number, from 0.16 to 76.30, indicated mechanisms of advective and dispersive transport in the percolation of the fluids of interest (AP and ET). The percolation of the crude oil in the three samples from area 1B presented limitations during execution, such that was measured only the penetration depth (from 5 to 17 cm), with distinct periods of percolation (from 8 days to one year).

In recent years the concern to the sustainable construction has been much discussed, most due to the increasing number of surveys focused on the construction phase. Several methods for sustainable management in construction sites have been developed, however there is a lack of tools to measure and evaluate the performance of sustainable practices, which can be carried out through an adequate performance measurement system. The main objective of this work is to develop and implement a performance measurement system to evaluate the evolution of the application of sustainable management at construction sites, establishing goals and strategies to reduce the environmental impacts. Specific objectives are: to define indicators to measure the sustainable management in construction sites, to define sustainable good practices that can be implemented in construction sites, and to identify factors that facilitate or can be a barrier to the implementation of the measurement system. The strategy adopted in this research is Design Science Research, involving the following steps: 1) literature review, which contribute to the identification of the sustainable good practices and indicators proposed in this work, 2) data collection, which identified the perceptions of experts in construction sustainability regarding to the the proposed indicators, serving as a basis for the development of the first version of the proposed artifact, meaning the indicators and tools for implementation, 3) implementation of the proposed artifact in a construction site; and 4) evaluation of the proposed artifact. The main contributions of this research were the development of the Sustainable Management in Construction Sites System of Indicators (SIGS), with its 26 indicators; the development of a database with reference values for the implemented indicators; the identification of strategies for reducing environmental impacts; and the identification of difficulties and facilitating factors for SIGS implementation. 

The big cities, all over the world, have a common problem which is their vehicle fleet growth. As a result of this growth, there are problems associated with parking lots, an integral element of urban mobility infrastructure. In this context, the issues of space consumption, demand and supply for parking spaces, modal integration and management through this infrastructure gain prominence, since they enable urban activities and enable the trip production and attraction to the city various regions. Thus, the strategies that aim to manage the parking lots should adopt measures that respect the relationship between transport and land use. Among the restrictive measures, that are commonly applied, are the impossibility of access to the urban center by means of individual motorized transport, parking equipment installation in peripheral regions of urban centers, public transportation enhancement and provision of modal integration such as subway parking. In contrast, the use of the area that would be used for parking would serve as an area of social coexistence and economic activities. This dissertation’s objective is to evaluate potentialities and challenges of implementing management measures applied to rotational parking lots in traditional urban routes. The application of the methodology aims at results such as: consultation of the potential demand of trips to urban centers; the costs associated with such movements; the availability of parking spaces (on public roads and outside of them) and the potentialities and challenges for the application of parking management measures applied to parking lots as integrators of Salvador Traditional Center