The Sub-middle São Francisco Valley region in Northeast Brazil stands out for its unique approach to viticulture, known as tropical viticulture. Differing from conventional winegrowing regions, this area can produce up to two and a half harvests annually in the same area, spread throughout the year. In this scenario, fine wines made from the Vitis vinifera L. grape, including those made from the Touriga Nacional cultivar, have gained recognition on the international stage. This study aimed to propose agronomic and enological alternatives to improve the sensory quality of tropical red wine 'Touriga Nacional' produced in the Sub-middle São Francisco Valley. The impact on physicochemical, metabolomic, sensory, and antioxidant capacity of the harvest time, grape maturation stage, and maceration duration during traditional vinification (simultaneous maceration with alcoholic fermentation) were investigated. Experimental wines were produced from grapes harvested at three maturation stages during two different periods: harvest I ("summer harvest," starting from 02/09/2017) and harvest II ("winter harvest," starting from 07/12/2017). Grapes were harvested at three maturation stages (before, during, and after technological maturation), ranging from 21.6° to 24.5° Brix in harvest I and from 22.5° to 24.6° Brix in harvest II, with seven-day intervals between harvest dates. During vinification, maceration was carried out for three different periods (7, 14, and 21 days) for each harvest period and grape maturation stage. Additionally, grape musts for analysis were collected immediately after vinification and throughout the maceration stage for the treatment made with overripe grapes (around 24° Brix) and 21 days of maceration. This thesis was divided into four chapters, the first being the bibliographic reference. The second chapter focused on the article "Extended maceration of must improves phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of Touriga Nacional tropical wines," where results indicated that extended maceration increased phenolic compound concentration (mainly flavanols), color intensity, and wine antioxidant capacity. In the third chapter, the article "Effect of grape maturation stage and maceration time depending on grape harvest time of the year on the physicochemical, sensory, and nutraceutical profile of the tropical red wine from the Touriga Nacional cultivar" showed that the grape ripeness at harvest had a greater impact on the physicochemical composition and phenolic compound content of the wines, including color intensity, total polyphenol index, alcohol content, and the concentration of most phenolic compounds being higher in wines made from grapes harvested at a more advanced stage. However, extending maceration to more than 14 days increased the antioxidant capacity of 'Touriga Nacional' wine. Grape harvesting in the winter promoted higher content of phenolic compounds of the classes of phenolic acids, monomeric anthocyanins, stilbenes, and flavanols in tropical wine. In the fourth chapter, "1H NMR and UPLC-HRMS-based metabolomic approach for evaluation of grape maturity and maceration time of Touriga Nacional wines and their correlation with chemical stability," advanced chemical analyses were used to understand how harvest time, grape maturation, and maceration time affect metabolomic profile of Touriga Nacional wines. It was found that wines made from grapes harvested earlier and macerated for a shorter time had more phenolic acids, while those with riper grapes harvested in July and longer maceration had more flavanols. Additionally, wines made from ripeness grapes were more stable. Thus, the results of this study are crucial in expanding our understanding of the processes involved in red wine production, especially in regions with unique climatic conditions like the Sub-middle São Francisco Valley. This information can guide producers in  making crucial decisions related to harvesting and maceration aiming to achieve highquality wines and chemical stability. The relevance of this study is evident in providing valuable insights for producers in the Sub-middle São Francisco Valley and others tropical regions.  

Insect ingestion became a new trend in food production when the FAO in 2013 published a
document entitled Edible Insects: Future Perspectives on Food and Nutrition Security. Over the
years, research related to insects as a food source appears in increasing numbers, as they have
an excellent nutritional quality. In this sense, the main objective of this thesis was to define the
viability and nutritional potential of Zophobas atratus larvae fed on grape residue for human
consumption. Chapter I consists of a review of the state of the art describing edible insects, their
nutritional quality, economic and environmental advantages, use of residues in insect feeding,
food safety, risks related to insect consumption, as well as legislation and scenario Brazilian for
anthropoentomophagy. Chapter II consists of a scientific article with the objective of evaluating
the performance and nutritional characterization of Zophobas atratus larvae fed with different
proportions of grape residue. Physical chemical analyzes of diets and larvae (AOAC procedures),
fatty acid profile (chromatographic techniques), metals and non-metals (optical emission
spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma), larval mass gain, feed conversion efficiency
were evaluated. and mortality rate. The results obtained indicate that replacing 25% of
the conventional diet with grape residue is equivalent to the conventional diet in many aspects
and improves performance indices and nutritional values. Chapter III consists of the documentary
presentation of the invention patent application filed with the INPI (BR 10 2023 015347
0) referring to the process of creating Zophobas atratus using grape residue as feed. The experimental
results obtained in chapters II and III point out that replacing conventional feed with
grape residue in insect feed can be an alternative, improving the quality of insect biomass and
adding value to waste.

Sparkling wines elaborated by the traditional method have high added market value, and their production is growing worldwide. Brazil has followed this increasing trend, and nowadays this product is the leader in sales in the national vitiviniculture and the most exported. For the São Francisco Submedium Valley (SFSV) chain, a tropical semi-arid region in Pernambuco and Bahia, sparkling wine is the most important product. Thus, aiming for the greater development of the regional vitiviniculture and, consequently, the national, the major goal of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of the SFSV cultivated grapes for the elaboration of white, rosé, and red sparkling wines by the traditional method, until now, not commercially available in the region. For this reason, the Viognier, Grenache, and Syrah cultivars were chosen that are already adapted to the region; added to that, two oenological practices were applied and evaluated: prefermentative cold maceration with refrigeration use and aging on lees (autolysis). These studies evaluated the physical-chemical, phenolic, volatile, and antioxidant capacity of white and rosé sparkling wines from Viognier and Grenache cultivars elaborated with different pre-fermentative cold maceration times (0, 24, and 72 h); and red sparkling wines from the cultivar Syrah, elaborated with different times of pre-fermentative cold maceration (0, 24 and 72 h) and autolysis (3 and 18 months). ‘Viognier’ and ‘Grenache’ sparkling wines were analyzed after 18 months of autolysis, evaluated the oenological and colorimetric parameters, phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-FD and spectrophotometry, and the antioxidant capacity by the DPPH and FRAP. Cold prefermentative maceration on the white sparkling wine ‘Viognier’ for 24h increased the kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside contents, and with 72h promoted higher concentrations of (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and total phenolic compounds. In the ‘Grenache’ rosé sparkling wine, 24 h of maceration increased the chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside contents. The results also pointed out that, to maintain the product antioxidant capacity, 72 h of pre-fermentative cold maceration is recommended to elaborate sparkling wine with ‘Viognier’ and up to 24 h for ‘Grenache’. The first part of the study with the sparkling wines elaborated with the cultivar Syrah was characterized the phenolic compound profile by HPLC-DAD (n = 21), antioxidant capacity evaluation (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays), and color (CIELab and CIEL*C*h systems). The total phenolic compounds contents and the antioxidant capacity were higher with longer times of maceration (72 h) and autolysis (18 months). The second part of the study, with the ‘Syrah’ red sparkling wines, evaluated the impact of cold pre-fermentative maceration and autolysis times over the volatile profile compounds. Sixty-five volatile compounds were identified among esters, alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones, in this order of importance. Cold prefermentative fermentation and aging on lees times significantly affected the volatile composition of the red sparkling wines. Cluster hierarchical analysis and the heat map evidenced that autolysis was the major factor to separate the samples in the function of the volatile compounds found in the concentrations above the odor threshold. The sparkling wine with 72 h of maceration and three months of autolysis stood out among all samples with higher volatile compound concentrations, referring to fruity, floral, and sweetened notes. With the results from this thesis, it is expected that the sparkling wines elaborated by the traditional method will become a production and market alternative in the SFSV, moving the wine regional and national chain in the following years adding value to the product.

Sickle cell anemia is one of the most common genetic diseases in Brazil, it is severe and its main clinical manifestations are painful crises and infection. An experimental study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of Laser Therapy (ILIB) in a follow-up service for patients with this disease in preventing these symptoms. The study included 81 individuals (21 cases/60 controls) with sickle cell anemia, over 12 years of age with body weight greater than or equal to 40 kg, who were receiving treatment at the Blood Center of Bahia in the period from October 2019 to March 2020 A clinical and laboratory examination and a semi-structured interview were conducted to obtain sociodemographic and clinical data. To assess quality of life, the WHOQOL-BREF was used before and after “Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood” (ILIB) laser therapy. The study was approved by the ethics committee - CAEE 16676619. 7. 1001.5013. Of the participants, 21 of the cases underwent laser therapy for 10 consecutive days and the care plan (interviews for the diagnosis, development of the care process and assessment of quality of life), and another 60 (control group) participated exclusively in the intervention of the care plan care. There was a significant difference between groups. ILIB contributed to improved sleep (p<0.0001) and decreased pain crises (p value <0.0355). There was no statistically significant difference in laboratory tests before and after ILIB in the case-assessed group. Regarding quality of life, there was an improvement in the psychological domain of the WHOQOL-BREF (p-value =0.001) between the case and control groups, with changes in life practices that intensified self-care and well-being. The intervention proved to be an adjunct in the treatment of sickle cell anemia, contributing to the prevention of painful symptoms and helping to improve quality of life.

Introduction: Propolis is a natural compound of wide application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas, being a complex resin produced by bees through the mixture of exudates from different plants, wax and salivary secretions. Variations in the chemical composition, and consequently, in the biological activity of propolis extracts, are associated with many factors. Objective: In this study, the influence of the extraction method and geographic origin on the composition of red propolis extracts obtained by conventional (ethanolic) and ultrasound-assisted extraction were evaluated, as well as the process conditions for obtaining extracts using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Methodology: Initially, conventional (ethanolic) and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods were used to extract active propolis compounds from different regions of Northeast Brazil (Sergipe, Alagoas, Bahia, and Rio Grande do Norte). Contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity, concentration of markers (formononetin and kaempferol) and cytotoxicity to human tumor cell lines (HCT116 - human colon, HL60 - leukemia, PC3 – carcinoma of the prostate and SNB19 – glioblastoma) were determined and comparatively evaluated for the twelve extracts obtained from six different samples. Additionally, red propolis extracts were obtained by SFE from a sample from Alagoas using different process conditions. To determine the process parameters applying SFE, were studied and obtained the Global Extraction Curves (OEC), S/F (mass of CO₂/mass of propolis), percentage of co-solvent (ethanol - 0, 1, 2 and 4%) and the global yield isotherms (GYI - Global Yield Isotherms) as a function of different pressures (250, 350 and 450 bar) and temperatures (31.7, 40 and 50°C). The total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and the content of formononetin, naringenin and kaempferol in the extracts obtained under different conditions used (SFE) were investigated. Results: As a result of this study, significant variations were identified (p>0.05) in the content of the compounds investigated in red propolis extracts, confirming that the chemical composition varies according to the region where the samples were collected. The highest concentration of the compounds of interest and the highest in vitro antioxidant activity were shown by extracts obtained from samples from the state of Alagoas (A1, A2, B1 and B2), which is currently the only one in Brazil that has a certificate of origin. Formononetin and kaempferol were identified in all samples. The highest concentrations of formononetin were identified in the extracts obtained by ultrasound, indicating a greater selectivity for the extraction of this compound by this method. Regarding the cytotoxic activity, for the HCT-116 strain, all extracts showed inhibition greater than 90%, while for the HL-60 and PC3 strains the lowest identified inhibition was 80%. In general, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in antiproliferative potential when comparing extraction methods. The results showed that the composition of Brazilian red propolis varies significantly depending on the geographic origin and that the method used influences the resulting compounds that are present in the propolis. Regarding to the application of SFE as an extractive method, within the parameters investigated, the best conditions found were an S/F of 131 and the use of ethanol at the highest concentration (4%), which resulted in higher extract yields and higher content of antioxidant compounds. Formononetin, the main biomarker of red propolis, was the compound found in the highest amounts in extracts obtained by SFE under all conditions used. As expected, the temperature and pressure conditions also influenced the process yield, with 350 bar and 40°C being the best conditions for obtaining bioactive compounds from a red propolis sample. Conclusion: The new results for red propolis found in this study show that it is possible to obtain extracts with high antioxidant potential using alternative technologies, as well as that the geographical origin, the type of method used and the process conditions influence the quality of the extract obtained.

The growing use of conventional plastics has generated concern about the large accumulation in the environment, arising the need for production and use of biodegradable polymers to replace them. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers synthesized intracellularly by various microorganisms as a form of energy storage. Microalgae are promising sources of PHAs, as they are the only microorganisms that accumulate PHAs through photosynthesis, using light and CO2 as main sources of energy, reducing production costs, which constitutes the biggest obstacle to its commercialization. Thus, the objective of this work was to produce and characterize PHAs of the biomass of different microalgae, evaluating the extraction methods and cultivation strategies for greater biopolymer accumulation. Initially, the efficacy of six methods of PHA extraction from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 was evaluated considering the extraction yield, purity and properties (FTIR, molecular mass, crystallinity index and monomer composition) of the polymers. After 30 days of cultivation, 1.02 g L-1 of biomass was obtained, yielding between 6.10 and 9.80% of PHAs and degrees of purity between 63.5 and 93.6%, depending on the extraction method used. The use of sodium hypochlorite in the initial extraction stage contributed to increased yield, and the use of methanol at the end of the process contributed to increase the purity of the biopolymers. The molecular mass, the crystallinity index and the composition of the PHAs varied with the extraction methods, demonstrating interference of the extraction process in the properties of the polymers. An indirect relationship (R2 = 0.80) was found between the percentage of the 11-hydroxyhexadecanoate monomer and the degree of crystallinity of the PHAs, suggesting that the increase of medium and long chains in the PHA structure contributes to this. In the second stage, the influence of the nitrogen availability of the culture medium on the production and composition of biomass (chlorophyll, proteins, lipids and fatty acids) and PHA production and properties (FTIR, crystallinity index, TGA and DSC). Chlorella minutíssima, Synechococcus subsalsus and Spirulina sp. LEB-18 were grown in "standard" medium and in medium with reduction of 70% of nitrogen. The cellular growth of microalgae was reduced in the limited nitrogen medium, as well as the biochemical composition of the biomass, with higher storage of carbonaceous molecules such as lipids and PHAs. C. minutissima did not synthesize PHA even in a limited nitrogen environment, unlike S. subsalsus (16% m m-1 dry biomass) and Spirulina sp. (12%). The PHAs presented different thermal and physical properties, evidencing the influence of the strain on the properties of the polymer, formed mainly by long chain monomers (C14 to C18). This composition is a scientific novelty, since it was not registered in PHAs synthesized by other microalgae. The PHAs obtained by the two microalgae can be used in several areas, with potential for the development of packages due to low crystallinity. S. subsalsus accumulated more PHA, with more attractive properties, proving to be more promising to obtain the biopolymer

The agribusiness of the green Coconut is responsible for the generation of large quantities of waste. The wide availability of these materials, as well as their composition, leaded to both need and opportunity for it to become a source of raw material to produce biotechnological products of high added value. The aim of this study was to increase, through photostimulation, the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The Thermo-Cellulolytic consortium, in the active phase (65 to 70 ºC), was collected from a composting pile, was subjected to nutritional stress and an irradiation protocol of six either Laser (λ660 ηm) or LED (λ632±2 ηm) irradiations were carried out at 12-h intervals. Microbial quantification carried out and showed a significant stimulatory biological response in the bacterial consortia. The cultures irradiated by LED showed a higher significant (p<0.0001) cell count when compared to those irradiated by Laser. The inoculation of the consortium irradiated by distinct light sources in mineral broth was proceeded with the residual biomass (green coconut bark) pretreated either by NaOH 5% or KOH 5% and evaluated the total reducing sugars (TRS), the concentrations of glucose and xylose, over 240-h, metabolic activity was also studied. The quantification of TRS, indicated higher concentration in the irradiated samples and a higher (143%) metabolic activity was observed in the LED group in comparison to the control within the first 48-h of incubation. The glucose concentration was higher in the group irradiated by LED at the end of 48-h, presenting a metabolic activity 294.9 % higher in the substrate pretreated by 5% NaOH when compared to the control. This is indicative of greater biochemical activity triggered by light radiation. The micrographs of the coconut fibers at the end of 240 hs showed a more effective microbial action in the irradiated groups. The analysis of the ligninolytic activity showed that, both Laser and LED light, increased the bacterial proliferation, protein production, metabolic activity as evidenced by an early e increased catabolism of the RBBR dye. As economic viability is a more important factor in industrial production our results prompts as to conclude that LED photostimulation should be considered as a potential tool to optimize bioprocesses at low cost.

The use of pheromones has been an efficient alternative for the monitoring and control
of pests, keeping the population at levels that are economically acceptable. For the
control of Rhynchophorus palmarum (South American palm weevil), the use of
pesticides is not viable, and the aggregation pheromone rhynchophorol is used as bait
to capture it along with traps. Due to environmental conditions, this substance’s
evaporation kinetics can be damaged, causing excessive or low release rates for
detection by R. Palmarum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of
inorganic matrices and one organic matrix as a device for controlled release of
rhynchophorol. Validation of analytical method to identify and quantify rhynchophorol
was carried out by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector, for
both its pure form and the amount recovered after adsorption on the matrices. The
following inorganic structures were synthesized or purchased: Zeolites (ZSM-5 SAR
30/50/80; MCM-22 SAR 30/50/80; zeolite-L; ammonium and sodium zeolite-Y;
Silicalite-1), Clays (K10 and KSF Montmorillonit; Kaolin) and Na-Magadiite, as well as
the organic structure potato starch. The matrices were characterized and showed
similarities to matrices obtained through standards provided by the literature. Stability
of the rhynchophorol adsorbed on matrices and subsequently recovered with n-hexane
solution was analyzed using the analytical method developed, showing positive results
at t = 24h for recovery in the structures: Silicalite-1 (93.17%); zeolite-L (93.62%); Zsm-
5 SAR30 (91.26%); Na-Magadiite (89.05%), kaolin (88.3%) and potato starch
(95.23%). The other structures evaluated showed total or partial degradation of
rhynchophorol, obtaining degradation products by dehydration and etherification
reactions. To assess the stability of the pheromone during its storage already adsorbed
on the matrices, the recovered amount was evaluated for 180 days, at 30-day
intervals. It was demonstrated that the Kaolin structure was not adequate, since it led
to partial degradation and volatilization of rhynchophorol in the time of up to 60 days.
The other structures showed only loss of signal intensity, demonstrating loss of the
adsorbed mass by evaporation without simultaneous formation of new degradation
products. The structures that showed the best results for use as rhynchophorol
controlled-release device were: Na-Magadiite; zeolite-Y and Silicalite-1. With the
obtained results, it was possible to conclude that the inorganic matrices silicalite-1,
zeolite-L and Na-Magadiite, as well as the organic matrix potato starch, are the most
promising ones to be used as a device for controlled release of the aggregation
pheromone rhynchophorol.

This work presents a process of bioremediation of sediment contaminated with oil (Mangrove or MANG) and another one with Mariana mining rejects (SEMA). Using a combination of co-products of biofuel, gross glycerin and castor bean pie, for biostimulation of fungi Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. The bioprocesss developed in a prototype treatment plant, per a period of 90 days, monitored weekly through evaluation of physical-chemical parameters. To better evaluate the products resulting of bioremediation with the microbial consortium were conducted four experiments with different sediments and modalities. Fungi by degrading the molecules of hydrocarbons generated biopolymers in twenty days of the process and about three months, originated the crystallized bioactive such as halite and residual organic crystals. Both the biopolymers such as crystallized residuals were characterized by particle-size analysis, Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. For the characterization of the organics, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and electron microscopy were made; As for protein crystals, infrared analyses were made and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, tests were made to evaluate the protein content by Bradford's technique, antimicrobial activity by the PCA technique with E. coli, as well as ecotoxicity tests with the Microalga Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata for all bioactives. Granulometric profiles for mangrove sediments and mining rejects were D (v. 05) = 23,30 μm and D (V, 0.5) 161.21 μm, respectively. The fungi involved belonged to the genera Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., no mycotoxin producer. The temperature in the two processes ranged from 28 to 33oC. Spectrophotometric profiles by molecular fluorescence were compatible with protein for biopolymer as for residual crystal, revealing concentrations of 84 mg/L and 159 mg/L of protein by Bradford method, respectively. Crystals derived from SEMA and MANG presented the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia Coli. The residual crystal (MANG), by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses presented signs attributed to long-chain hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids, as well as a signal close to 11.2 ppm which suggests being nitrogen-linked methyl. The same residual crystal (MANG) by Infrared analysis presents a band of amide I and II, with vibrational mode centered at 1637 cm– 1, attributed to the presence of collagen. The reduction of the toxicity of the bioremediation processes varied from 51% (SEMA) to 74% (MANG). With organic bioactives with collagen presence (MANG), it is expected to direct its application to the area of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is also estimated the application of inorganic residual crystals and biopolymer in the composition of new materials for the production of hybrid composites of the automotive industry. 

Garcinia mangostana L., popularly known as mangosteen belongs to the family Clusiaceae, for this species have been described several biological activities such as: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antibacterial and antifungal action, among others. The present work had as objective to produce formulations with action against the witches' broom caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, using antifungal compounds extracted from the pericarp (bark) of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). The first chapter deals with the technological prospection of the subject based on the revision of the patents and comparison with the number of articles published in the same period; the objective was to know if the studied technology was in growth or decline whose conclusion pointed out that the object represents an innovative leap for the production of antifungals and antioxidants. The second chapter shows how the active component (α-mangosteen) was isolated from the pericarp of G mangostana. The methods used for characterization and biological assays were presented showing that α-mangosteen (α-mangostin) alone was as efficient as the standard (Sigma®) in the control of M. perniciosa (Biotype C) witch in cocoa culture. The third chapter shows the inhibitory efficiency of α-mangosteen on the growth of M. perniciosa (Biotype S) that causes serious damage to plants of the Solanaceae family. The fourth chapter presents a patent filed with the INPI under the number BR1020160255392 which describes a formulation with action against M. perniciosa. The fifth chapter shows the antioxidant and protective action of α-mangosteen DNA and the sixth chapter presents a patent filed with INPI under the number BR102016008157-2 that describes the antioxidant action and protection of DNA. The conclusion of the thesis was that the pericarp of G. mangostana has compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of M. perniciosa and the incorporation of these compounds to micelles did not potentiate the antifungal effect.