MENEZES, A.A. Characterization of estrus expression and its impact on the fertility of different categories of zebu females submitted to a FTAI. 2024. 79p. Defense (Master in Animal Science in the Tropics) – School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – Federal University of Bahia, 2024.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the oestrus expression profile, as well as the impact of oestrus on the fertility of different categories of zebu females submitted to a FTAI protocol. For this purpose, 1053 females were used (658 multiparous, 138 primiparous and 257 heifers), synchronised with the following hormonal protocol: on day 0 (D0), the animals received a 0.5 g intravaginal progesterone releasing device combined with 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate intramuscularly (IM). On D8, the P4 intravaginal device was removed and 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin was administered IM, 520 μg of cloprostenol sodium IM and 1 mg of oestradiol cypionate IM. At this point, the animals were tagged with a marker stick between the sacral tuberosity and the insertion of the tail to determine oestrus expression. On D10, the animals were divided into two experimental groups: Group without estrus expression ("WITHOUT ESTRUS") and Group with estrus expression ("WITH ESTRUS") by removing the dye. Immediately after characterisation of estrus expression, FTAIs were carried out. On D20, the females were exposed to bulls at a 1:30 ratio. In order to determine the pregnancy rate after FTAI (PRFTAI), the pregnancy rate after bull exposure (PRbe) and the breeding season pregnancy rate (PREnd) two pregnancy diagnoses were performed. FTAI pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by ultrasonography on day 40 (D40). The gestational diagnosis after bull exposure and the final diagnosis of the breeding season were carried out at the end of the breeding season (D130). Statistical analyses were carried out using R Software, using the STATS package (2023), and a significance level of 5% was considered. The overall estrus detection rate (ODR) was 67.04% and there was no difference between the reproductive categories (heifers= 72.76%; primiparous= 61.59%; multiparous= 65.95%). The overall PRFTAI was 62.11%, also showing no difference between the categories (heifers = 65.36%; primiparous = 62.31%; multiparous = 60.79%). The overall PRbe was 68.17%, with no difference between the reproductive categories (heifers= 66.29%; primiparous= 61.54%; multiparous= 70.15%). The overall FinalPR was 84.99%, with no statistical difference between the reproductive categories (heifers= 88.33%; primiparous= 84.05%; multiparous= 83.89%). With regard to the influence of estrus on the fertility of the heifer category, estrus had a positive impact on PRFTAI (with oestrus= 71.65% vs. without oestrus= 48.57%; P<0.01). However, no statistical difference was observed with regard to PRbe (with estrus= 64.15% vs. without estrus= 69.44%; P=0.61) and the PREnd (with estrus = 89.84% vs. without oestrus =84.28%; P=0.81). For the primiparous females, there was no difference between the experimental groups WITH ESTRUS and WITHOUT ESTRUS for PRFTAI (62.35% vs. 62.26%; P=1.0), PRbe (59.37% vs. 65.00%; P=0,79) and PREnd (83.53% vs. 84.90%; P=0.90). Regarding the multiparous reproductive category, differences were observed (P<0.01) between the experimental groups WITH ESTRUS and WITHOUT ESTRUS regarding PRFTAI (68.20% vs. 46.43%), PRbe (78.98% vs. 60.00%) and the PREnd (88.94% vs. 74.11%). Therefore, estrus detection can be used as a tool to direct matings in synchronisation protocols in heifers and multiparous females, as well as the possibility of being used as an alternative to predict the results of a breeding season in the multiparous category.

SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), responsible for the COVID-19 syndrome (Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019), was identified and described in December 2019, when a group of patients with pneumonia of unknown viral origin started being admitted to hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei province in China. The detection of this pathogen in numerous animal species, such as ferrets, tigers, lions, monkeys, rabbits, hamsters and, in particular, dogs and cats, raises the concern of researchers that they are possible zoonotic sources of the virus. When analyzing the scenario of the relationship between man and domesticated animals, the concern due to SARS-CoV-2 is that this etiological agent has genomic characteristics that allow interspecies transmission and adaptation to conditions in a new host; The aim of this study was to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in shelters and house-hold dogs. A cross-sectional study was carried out on dogs from tutors who agreed to participate in the project and from institutions that shelter animals, such as shelters run by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), the Zoonoses Control Center - CCZ and temporary homes. Blood, oropharyngeal (or nasopharyngeal) and rectal secretions were collected from each animal in a single moment. The collections were made in the shelters where the animals were kept, and the epidemiological questionnaire was answered by the person in charge of the animal or the shelter. Samples were collected from 111 dogs for the study, resulting in 222 swabs. All samples were negative by RT-qPCR and showed the same pattern as the negative control. 89 dog samples were tested using the magnetic ELISA, in which 18 animals (20.22%; 95%CI: 12.45 - 30.07) had IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 N protein and none of the evaluated animals reacted to the Spike protein.66 blood samples were evaluated, all without major variations compared to the blood count reference values, however we did not verify active infection and, therefore, how these variables behave against the virus in this case. During the execution of the project, 428 samples of oral and rectal swabs were collected from 214 felines, among which 149 sera were collected. Regarding the molecular detection of these animals, as well as dogs, the presence of viral RNA was not detected in any of the swab samples. To perform the ELISA using magnetic spheres, as well as canines, we used 51 serum samples from a pre-pandemic period (2014). We notice that the pre-pandemic samples had higher optical density values, for the most part, than the samples collected during the pandemic. It was impossible to draw a cutoff point for the reaction by analyzing the ROC curve with the results obtained. Therefore, these results demonstrate that research in the area of molecular surveillance and serological studies with animals are extremely important to understand the extent of infection with other coronaviruses, what are the roles of these animals in viral epidemiology and how their immune response evolve.

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are coccidian protozoans that cause toxoplasmosis
and neosporosis, respectively. Toxoplasmosis is a disease of zoonotic importance, while
neosporosis is associated with losses in livestock. Current treatments for toxoplasmosis can
have adverse effects and limited effectiveness. At the moment there are still no treatments
considered satisfactory for neosporosis. Thus, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic
proposals for both coccidiosis. Evidence suggests that plant secondary metabolites, such as
harmaline and piperine alkaloids have demonstrated antiparasitic effects on protozoa and other
parasites. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antiparasitic effect of harmaline and
piperine alkaloids in vitro against tachyzoites of T. gondii and N. caninum in infected cultures
of Vero cells lines. Vero cells were infected with the parasites, and after 24 hours treated with
harmaline or piperine at concentrations of 0.49; 0.98;1.95; 3.91; 7.81 and 15.63 μg/mL.
Negative and positive controls were RPMI/DMSO (0.1%) and sulfadiazine (200 μg/mL)
respectively. Optical microscopy was used to evaluate the parasite multiplication by counting
intracellular tachyzoites. In treatments with harmaline in cultures of T. gondii, maximum and
minimum reductions were observed in relation to the negative control, respectively equal to
24.98% (1.95 μg/mL) and 12.95% (7.81 μg/mL) (p < 0.05), as for the positive control, all
administered concentrations of harmaline showed significant differences, however with
reductions not greater than sulfadiazine. Piperine, on the other hand, reduced intracellular
parasites between 37.08 and 51.42% in a dose-dependent manner in relation to the negative
control (p < 0.05), with significant and greater reductions than sulfadiazine at concentrations
7.81 and 15.63 μg /mL. Harmaline in N. caninum cultures reduced the parasites by 36.8% (0.49
μg/mL) compared to the negative control (p< 0.05), but without differences from the positive
control. Concentrations above 0.49 μg/mL were not different from negative and positive
controls. On the other hand, all treatments with piperine significantly reduced the amount of
intracellular N. caninum compared to the negative control, with a maximum reduction of
32.10% (1.95 μg/mL) and a minimum of 8.74% (3. 91 μg/mL), but without differences in
relation to the positive control. According to the established proportion of intracellular parasites
(low to very high proliferation), Vero cells with low or moderate parasite proliferation of T.
gondii and N. caninum were more frequent after treatment with the alkaloids. However, in
relation to the negative control, piperine (0.49 – 15.63 μg/mL) showed significant differences
in proportions only in cultures infected with T. gondii. While harmaline at three concentrations
were proportionally different from the negative control in cultures of T. gondii, however, no
differences in proportions were observed in N. caninum. Studies have shown that alkaloids had
antiparasitic effects on T. gondii and N. canium, but piperine was more effective in reducing
the proliferation of intracellular tachyzoites. Additional studies must be carried out to clarify
other aspects of the action of alkaloids on the parasites.

Analiza oksydacyjna, parametry kliniczno-laboratoryjne i jakość życia w leczeniu związanym z ozonoterapią u suk z guzami piersi

FERNANDES, P.H.L. Development of Minas frescal cheese plus strains with potential to produce conjugated linoleic acid. 2023. 123 Pages. Dissertation (Master in animal science in the tropics) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – Federal University of Bahia 2022. Conjugated linoleic acid is a collective term for a series of conjugated dienoic positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid - LA (C18: 2, cis-9, cis-12), which have therapeutic effects, such as prevention of cardiovascular diseases, anticarcinogenic activity and decrease in blood glucose levels due to hyperinsulinemic activity. Milk and dairy products are sources of this fatty acid, however, they do not provide the minimum daily concentration to obtain the benefits of CLA consumption. As a result, interest in ingesting products enriched with CLA has increased. Therefore, this work aimed to develop fresh cheeses potentially enriched with CLA using bacteria that produce the compound in their processing. Therefore, a survey of patents and scientific publications on the technology under study was carried out. Subsequently, CLAproducing bacteria were selected and four types of cheese were made: Control (TTC), Lactococcus lactis (TLL), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (TLR) and Pediococcus pentasaceus (TPP). The cheeses were evaluated in relation to their proximate composition, fatty acid profile and physical-chemical, sensorial and microbiological characteristics. It was possible to observe that the number of patents related to functional cheeses has been increasing in recent years in Brazil and around the world. In relation to the cheeses made, the use of strains influenced parameters such as pH, hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, viscosity and color. TLR cheeses had high total coliform counts. All cheeses had high moisture and only the control cheese was not classified as Minas Frescal because it is considered fatty by law. By counting lactic acid bacteria, TLL and TPP cheeses would be able to provide health benefits. However, the treatment cheeses did not show an increase in CLA compared to the control. Therefore, the use of strains with CLA production potential did not contribute to the enrichment of cheeses with this bioactive compound.

Bovine trypanosomiasis represents an important hemoparasitosis and the main etiological agent in South America is Trypanosoma vivax, a protozoan transmitted by vector insects, contaminated objects and transplacentally, which is disseminated throughout all Brazilian states, and causes significant economic impacts on cattle, especially in dairy cattle. In the State of Bahia, information about the occurrence of trypanosomiasis is scarce and the clinical and epidemiological aspects are little known. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the effect of the treatment of bovine trypanosomiasis outbreaks in dairy herds monitored in the State of Bahia. Two technical visits (V1 and V2) were carried out in five rural properties, for the diagnosis of the outbreak and monitoring of the animals after treatment with two applications of isometamidium chloride. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained with the help of a questionnaire applied to the owners and collaborators of the farms, and by the clinical evaluation of the animals. Blood samples were collected for parasitological diagnosis by the Woo test, hematological and serum biochemistry evaluation, and T. vivax DNA identification by conventional PCR. Only samples examined in V1 were positive to the direct parasitological test and represented 36.4% (35/96) of the samples collected on this occasion. The evaluation by cPCR identified the genetic material of the agent in 68% (66/96) of the samples collected in V1 and in 19% (27/136) of those collected in V2, totaling 40% (93/232) of the samples surveyed. The raising of dairy cattle, the commercialization of animals without sanitary control and the sharing of contaminated needles were the epidemiological characteristics common to all trypanosomiasis outbreaks studied. The clinical changes observed frequently occur in animals infected for the first time and were nonspecific and variable, mainly related to anemia, sudden drop in milk production, weight loss, abortions, neurological disorders and death. Hematological examinations of sick animals evaluated in V1 indicated normocytic normochromic anemia and leukocytosis with regenerative left shift and lymphocytosis. Biochemical tests revealed hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia, in addition to hypercholesterolemia and increased serum GGT activity. The gradual regression of clinical xiii signs after treatment demonstrated that the drug helped to control the disease, even though the identification of the agent's DNA can still occur in molecular tests, which allow indicating the presence of the agent, but should not be used alone to indicate the disease.

CARVALHO, R. R. M. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm and planktonic form of Leptospira interrogans, obtained from naturally infected dogs. 2022. 76p. Dissertação (Mestre em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) - Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2022. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira, considered to have great impact on public health. Leptospira spp. are able to form biofilms, however, despite their importance, there are still few studies involving isolation of autochthonous strains, with subsequent evaluation of antimicrobial sensitivity in planktonic and biofilm forms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of in vitro biofilm formation from a reference strain (L. interrogans, sv. Copenhageni L1 130 - L20) and from recently isolated strains of L. interrogans (C20, C29, C51, C82), with subsequent evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility in planktonic and biofilm forms. In vitro biofilm production was tested wih incubation at 30°C, under static conditions, and subsequent observation in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The semi quantification of biofilm production was performed by spectrophotometry in polystyrene plates at different observational points (1, 7, 14 and 21 days). All strains were efficient for in vitro biofilm formation up until the 21st day of observation. Semi quantification revealed that both L1 130 and the recently isolated strains (C20, C29, C51 and C82) presented similar optical density (OD) values until the 3rd day of incubation. On the 5th day ODs varied from a minimum of 0.176 (C20) to a maximum of 0.236 (C51). Increase in biofilm biomass was observed from the 7th day onward, with maximum optical densities on the 21st day (L1 130 OD = 0.441±0.02, C20 OD = 0.437±0.02, C29 OD = 0.309±0.01, C51 OD = 0.503±0.02, C82 OD = 0.353±0.02). Through SEM visualization, it was possible to observe formation of mature biofilm for all strains on the 7th day of incubation. On days 14 and 21, the biofilms presented themselves as morphologically more developed and cohesive structures, maintaining the characteristics of a mature biofilm, but with greater deposition of extracellular matrix. On the 21st day, the images demonstrated the presence of several interconnected channels and branched filaments of extracellular matrix formed at various points. Four antimicrobials (amoxicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin) were used in the antimicrobial susceptibility tests, with final concentrations ranging from 0.02µg/mL to 1,600µg/mL. In the planktonic form, the strains showed sensitivity to all drugs with MICs90 of ≤0.02 µg/mL for amoxicillin and ampicillin, 0.2 µg/mL for doxycycline, and 0.1 µg/mL for ciprofloxacin. These strains on biofilm were considerably more resistant compared to their planktonic form, with MIC90 of 1,600 µg/mL for amoxicillin, 800 µg/mL for ampicillin, and >1,600 µg/mL for doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. Within the range of antimicrobial concentrations, the strains in the biofilm form were 13 to 16 times more resistant than the planktonic forms. Some isolates showed MICs higher than the maximum dilution used in this study (1,600ug/ml). The strains in this study were obtained from samples of naturally infected dogs, who might act as reservoirs and sentinels for infection in humans. The isolation of biofilm-forming strains, with a potential antimicrobial resistance profile, demonstrates important information for genomic investigations that aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for such characteristics. These approaches will allow the development of refined treatment and control strategies focused on the epidemiological reality of the disease.

LIMA, A. S. Analysis of the clinicopathological and microbiological profile of pyometra in female dogs at a teaching veterinary hospital. 2022. 65p. Dissertation (Master of Animal Science in the Tropics) School of Veterinary MJedicine and Animal Science – Federal University of da Bahia, 2022.
Pyometra is characterized by the accumulation of mucopurulent uterine secretion resulting from hormonal disorders and bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical-pathological and microbiological profile of pyometra in canine females. Therefore, sixty-two medical records were evaluated regarding the general characteristics (age, race, weight, type, history of contraceptive use and number of deliveries) and the performance of complementary exams (hematological, biochemical and bacteriological culture with antibiogram) through a cross-sectional study, conducted in a veterinary school hospital from January to December 2020. Mann-Whitney teste was used to compare groups, Chi Square for the pharmalogical resistance of E.coli positive cultures, and Fisher’s for the distribution of toxic neutrophils. The level of significance considered was P<0.05. The animals were on average 10 years old (S=3) and approximately 10Kg (S=9). There was a predominance of animals without defined breed (35.5%), nulliparous (64.5%), affected by open-type pyometra (75.8%), and without history of use of hormonal contraceptives (40.3%). Changes suggestive of normochromic normocytic anemia were observed in animals < 8 years old and normochromic microcytic in those > 8 years old and, in both groups, thrombocytopenia. When compared, Only the open-type pyometra group showed results suggestive of normocytic normochromic anemia. In addition, all the groups studied had leukocytosis due to neutrofilia with left shift, monocytosis, and toxic neutrophils. As for type, only rods (P=0.05) and platelets (P=0.004) were significant. In the biochemical evaluation, the same pattern of alterations was observed with elevation of total proteins, globulins and alkaline phosphatase. Thirty-six bactéria were isolated, and of these, 41.7% corresponded to E. coli with 100% resistance to metronidazole. In time, it could be concluded that pyometra is associated with cases of anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis and higher E.coli infection.

Complications reported in urethrostomies in dogs are relevant, resulting in expensive postsurgical treatments that may lead to the need for surgical revisions. Part of these complications can be minimized by incorporating the internal lamina of the foreskin as a site of urethral anastomosis, as described in studies on the preputial urethrostomy technique. However, the approaches described in this technique present a median incision to the foreskin for surgical access, which denotes more significant trauma. Thus, the objective was to propose a new approach to preputial urethrostomy through prescrotal access to attenuate the surgical trauma and to describe in detail the necessary surgical maneuvers and evaluate their feasibility. The surgical technique was revised, modified, and standardized initially in cadavers and later used in 10 dogs in the hospital routine with lesions to the penile urethra, penis and foreskin. After accessing the urethral lumen through a prescrotal incision, the body of the penis was sectioned and the glans removed utilizing circumferential divulsion, exposing the internal preputial lamina used in the urethral anastomosis. Surgical maneuvers were considered medium complexity, feasible and adequate to restore urinary flow. In the postoperative follow-up, it was possible to verify that the animals presented sui generis urination, in a jet, with the maintenance of the external preputial aesthetic aspect. In addition to the cutaneous ecchymosis, inherent to the surgical trauma, the relevant complications were related to anastomotic dehiscence and consequent leakage of urine into the subcutaneous tissue. The dehiscence resulted from space restriction failure, and its consequences were solved by re-approaching with the same technique. The results allowed us to infer that the proposed access to the prescrotal site favored the preputial urethrostomy technique since the surgical trauma was minimized and the urinary flow was reestablished, in addition to providing a favourable aesthetic conformation.

The eye has evolved distinctly over the years and differences in physiological dynamics and in its macro and microstructures are reported between species, it is an obvious need, in the veterinary ophthalmology, to standardize and validate new devices for each animal group. The present study aimed to evaluate two devices for estimating intraocular pressure (IOP) in domestic birds, as well as the ophthalmic ultrasonographic evaluation of four species of sea turtles. For the first stage, three avian species were used (quail, domestic chicken and common pigeon), where the validation of the TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus® (TVPlus) devices and presentation of adjustment formulas were performed using the manometry methodology, that may bring the IOP estimate closer to the actual pressure. In this study, the presence of under or overestimation of IOP was verified in all evaluations of the two devices and in all calibrations, with the TVPlus in the rabbit calibration being the closest to the real pressure in ranges above 10mmHg. The second stage demonstrated the feasibility of using conventional 12MHz ultrasonography to assess the eye bulb in four species of sea turtles (Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata, Lepidochelys olivacea and Chelonia mydas), presenting conformational aspects and measurements of their ocular structures. The reduced difference found between the evaluated groups can reinforce the phylogenetic proximity and adaptations to similar habitats and habits among species. Finally, the two studies present data on the feasibility of the methodologies evaluated for each proposed species and may help in clinical investigations and reduce possible misinterpretations.

This study aimed to characterize the vectorial role of triatomines found in the district of Santo Inácio, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, and to estimate the frequency of infection by T. cruzi in these vectors, as well as in dogs, wild mammals and humans. Possible blood food sources of triatomine were analyzed. In addition, it assesses the perception, knowledge, and preventive practices adopted by the population about Chagas disease (CD). Residents sampled (n = 126) were seronegative for T. cruzi, while 17.5% (7/40) of the dogs sampled were seropositive. Of the wild mammals captured, one specimen of Didelphis albiventris (1/3) and another of Kerodon rupestris (1/5) were positive for T. cruzi by PCR. None Thrichomys sp. (0/23) was positive for T. cruzi. Of the 169 triatomines captured, the species Triatoma sherlocki was the most prevalent (n = 164), followed by the species Triatoma sordida (n = 4) and Panstrongylus sherlocki sn Panstrongylus lutzi (n = 1). The infection rate for T. cruzi by PCR in the triatomine species analyzed was 18.5% (28/151), 0% (0/3) and 100% (1/1), respectively. The detection of the food source was possible in 56 triatomines of the species T. sherlocki. The species K. rupestris was the most frequent food source (35.7%), followed by Gallus gallus (17.9%), D. albiventris (14.3%), Homo sapiens (14.3%), Tropidurus hispidus (7.1%), Leopardus geoffroyi (5.3%), Conepatus semistriatus (1.8%), Thrichomys inermis (1.8%) and Rattus norvegicus (1.8%). The residents have limited perception, and knowledge about CD, reflecting the low adoption of prevention and control practices for triatomines in their dwellings. The results suggest the existence of domestic, peridomestic and wild cycles of T. cruzi transmission, configuring a latent risk of infection for the human population.

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of 1mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on the 12-day corpus luteum structure, as well as to evaluate the follicular growth of females submitted to four different types of hormonal protocol that provide estrus and ovulation synchronization. Thus, 33 Bos taurus indicus females, from an extensive farming, were used. Such females were submitted to a first protocol of estrus and ovulation synchronization, starting with the insertion of a progesterone device associated with the application of 2.0mg of EB. Eight days later, the progesterone devices were removed, and 12.5mg of dinoprost tromethamine, 0.5mg of estradiol cypionate and 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were administered, all intramuscularly. After 22 days from the beginning of the protocol mentioned above, the super-early resynchronization protocols were started. Thus, 13 females received intravaginal progesterone device, comprising the females of group one and two (G1, containing seven animals and G2 with six animals, respectively), in addition, the females of G1 received 1.0mg of EB. Twenty-three days after the start of the first synchronization protocol, eight females received the intravaginal progesterone device, comprising females from groups three and four (G3 with four animals and G4 with four animals, respectively). In addition, females from G3 received 1.0mg of EB. Seven days after the beginning of resynchronization of females from G3 and G4, 12.5mg of dinoprost tromethamine (i.m.) was applied. Eight days after the intravaginal device insertion of the G1 and G2, they were removed and 12.5mg of dinoprost tromethamine, 0.5mg of estradiol cypionate and 300 IU of eCG were administered. Nine days after insertion of the G3 and G4 devices, they were removed, 0.5mg of estradiol cypionate and 300 IU of eCG were applied. From the moment of intravaginal devices insertion, for three days, all cows were evaluated every 24 hours in order to identify changes in xii the corpus luteum present in the ovaries. Evaluations to monitor follicular dynamics started from the moment of application of dinoprost tromethamine, being performed every 12 hours, until ovulation has been identified, or 96 hours after intravaginal devices removal. All evaluations of the ovaries relied on the use of B-mode ultrasound and power doppler. Diameter, area, area of vascularization of the corpora lutea were measured, as well as follicular diameter, follicular area and area of vascularization of the follicular wall. For serum progesterone analysis, blood was collected from the females on day zero of the resynchronization protocol, on the day of application of dinoprost tromethamine and on the day of fixed-time artificial insemination. The structural and functional post-ovulatory characteristics of the CL were similar in all protocols with or without application of estradiol benzoate. A Friedman ANOVA was performed to assess the extent to which ACL levels were equivalent at different times (D0, D1 and D2), obtaining statistically significant results (P=0.008). Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests, a posteriori, showed that on D0 the ACL was significantly higher than on D1 and D2. The same statistical tests were performed for the assessment of LCV over time. The results were statistically significant (P=0.01). Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests, a posteriori, showed that on D0 the VCL was not significantly higher than on D1, but it was higher than on D2. The difference in VAS level between D1 and D2 was not significant. In this way, it is suggested that there was no influence of the application of estradiol benzoate on the morphofunction of the CL, which could be a useful tool for resynchronization of females for FTAI.

The genus Sarcocystis has approximately 200 species and only 17 of them are known to infect
snakes. The discovery of Sarcocystis nesbitti, which has public health relevance, boosted the
development of new investigations in snakes. In Brazil, studies on Sarcocystis spp. infection in
snakes are scarce. Then, the current work aimed to test the role of common boa (Boa sp.) from
Salvador city as Sarcocystis spp. hosts, and consequently, to characterize the stages of the
parasite by morphological and molecular methods. Fecal samples obtained from 65 boa from
Salvador city were examined using a centrifugal-flotation method. The frequency of infection
in the tested snakes was 1.53% (1/65). From the single positive animal, six fecal samples were
available for analysis. Intermittent shedding of sporocysts and variation in the number of
excreted sporocysts occurred in this snake. Morphomethric evaluation of the parasites revealed
significant differences in sporocysts’ sizes (p < 0.05). In vivo experimentation was carried out
with two species of rodents Mus musculus (Balb/c, Balb /c Nude and knockout INF- γ-KO
mice) and Rattus norvegicus (Wistar rat), resulting in no infection in the mice. As the tissues of
the rats are still under histological processing, it has not been possible to generate data so far.
Molecular analysis of sporocysts derived from the common boa using 18S, 28S, and ITS-1
markers demonstrated changes in the chromatogram compatible with heterozygosis. Still, after
editing these sequences, and associating them with the mitochondrial COX-1 marker, the
sequences revealed a high identity with Sarcocystis spp. isolated from snake sporocysts and
rodent sarcocysts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the common boa sample does not possess
correspondence with any other known organism, representing a novel sequence. In order to
obtain better results for ribosomal loci, the sample is being cloned and the results will be added
to the article for publication.

The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the Tono-Pen XL, TonoVet and TonoVet Plus tonometers in rabbit eyes, by comparing the IOP values obtained by tonometry and manometric evaluation, to establish adjustment equations and to allow greater reliability in IOP estimates in rabbits. The first stage of the study was assigned to seven post mortem rabbit eyes for manometry, by artificially increasing IOP in increments of 5 mmHg to 60 mmHg. In the second stage, a clinical study was conducted, measuring IOP in 17 animals, for two consecutive days with the same tonometers and calibrations used in post mortem evaluations. A strong association was observed with the values obtained in manometry for all tonometers. There was a strong correlation for the Tono-Pen XL tonometers (r = 0,743; R2 = 0,945), TonoVet mode d '(r = 0,771; R2 = 0,970) and TonoVet Plus (r = 0,877; R2 = 0,964), and a moderate correlation for o TonoVet 'p' mode (r = 0,596; R2 = 0,959) (p <0,0001). IOP values were underestimated for all tonometers. In the in vivo evaluation, the average IOP values observed for each tonometer were: 14,23 ± 1,75 (Tono-Pen XL); 13,89 ± 2,07 (TonoVet „d‟); 8,88 ± 1,24 (TonoVet „p‟); 18,59 ± 1,94 (TonoVet Plus). There was a significant difference in the two evaluation moments for the TonoVet 'd' and 'p' calibration modes. The adjustment equations generated from the manometry for the evaluated tonometers were: Y = 0.2570 * X + 2.219 (Tono-Pen XL), Y = 0.2289 * X + 2.389 (TonoVet 'd'), Y = 0.4043 * X + 4.062 (TonoVet 'p') and Y = 0.1233 * X + 0.3644 (TonoVet Plus); therefore, accurate IOP values can be obtained from these. TonoVet Plus showed greater accuracy among the evaluated tonometers, and it is suggested that this is the tonometer of choice in estimating IOP in rabbits.

The age at first calving (AFC) has great economic impact on the beef cattle system, and a calving at 24 months is an objective of selection. However, an AFC around 36 months has been observed for Nellore cattle. Thus, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out with 8,376 records of AFC in Nellore cows. 3,239 animals were also genotyped for the GGP-Indicus 35K, which has been developed specifically for Bos indicus. The WssGBLUP method was used, with adjacent SNPs in genomic windows of 1.0 Mb. After cleaning of dataset, 3,218 (2,161 males and 1,078 females) animals genotyped for 30,519 SNPs were used in GWAS analysis. The average and standard deviation of AFC were 1041.7 and 140.6 days, respectively. Estimate heritability of AFC was 0.0948±0.0203. The GWAS analysis found 12 genomic regions in BTA1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21 and 24, which explained a total of 15.84% of the additive genetic variance of IPP. A total of 90 protein coding genes were identified and the genes HSD17B2, SERPINA14, SERPINA1, SERPINA5, SERPINA6, STAT1, STAT4, NFATC1, ATP9B, CTDP1, THPO, ECE2, PSMD2, EPHB3, EIF4G1, EIF2B2, DVL3, POLR2H, MAGEF1, CAMK2N2, TMTC2, GPC6, PRR5L, LDLRAD3, COMMD9, LDLRAD3, HSD17B3, CACNA2D1, PCLO, ACACA, TADA2A, and LHX1 are related with fertility or growth, which make them candidates for association studies with AFC.

SILVA, A. P. S. M. Evaluation of the quality of basal, reflex tear and under olfactive stimulus in dogs of the breed shih-tzus. Salvador, 2020. 53p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science on Tropics) – School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny – Federal University of Bahia. Shih-Tzus are predisposed to tear film abnormalities and different qualitativequantitative evaluation tools are used to aid the obtaining of an accurate diagnosis. The Tear ferning test (TFT), when associated with other diagnostic methods, such as the Schirmer tear test (TLS) and the tear break up time test (TBUT), provide information about composition of tears; however, it has not been used in the evaluation of tears of shih-tzus after olfactory stimulus. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare tear ferning patterns from non-stimulated and stimulated eyes of shih-tzu dogs. 30 healthy dogs, with an average age of 4,15 ± 2,78 years were enrolled in the study. Study design was composed by different methods for the right and left eye, with tear sampling at every 10 minutes, using Schirmer tear test -1 (STT-1), Schirmer tear test -2 (STT-2), and Schirmer tear test with olfactory stimulation (STT-OS), with a cotton flake soaked in 70% hydrated ethyl alcohol. After five minutes of stimulus and tear sampling, TBUT was performed in both eyes of every subject. Sampled tears were collected using absorbent paper millimeter strips and deposited in a glass slide to dry in room temperature and humidity. Tear ferning classification was II for Rolando scale, and varied from 1 to 2 for Masmali scale. There was no significant difference for Rolando and Masmali grading scales obtained with and without stimulation (Friedman test, P >0.07). This study found no difference in tear fern patterns (morphology) obtained from nonstimulated and stimulated tears. Given the popularization of shih-tzus and its anatomical particularities, the values obtained in this study can help to understand the dynamics of the tear fluid for these animals, as well as serving as an instrument in the ophthalmic routine.

Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic disease, characterized by the presence of abscesses in the lymph nodes and organs of farm animals, and its etiologic agent is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Transmission occurs mainly through direct contact between animals carrying the disease and healthy ones. Control measures are vaccination and isolation of infected animals. As a result of this pathology, there is a reduction in the productive and reproductive rates of animals. Based on this information, this study aimed to evaluate the follicular wave of goats naturally infected with C. pseudotuberculosis. Therefore, twenty-one goat females, crossbred, non-pregnant and of reproductive age, previously selected through ELISA test to define the four experimental groups formed by seropositive and seronegative goats, submitted or not to the pharmacological control of the estrous cycle. On a random day of the estrous cycle, called day zero (D0), a cycle synchronization protocol was started to assess ovarian dynamics, through the intravaginal insertion of a progesterone device. On day nine (D9) the device was removed along with the application of 300UI Rf eCG aQd 125ȝg Rf cORSURVWeQRO in all animals in the treatment group, by intramuscular route. Then, to monitor the follicular dynamics, the females underwent transrectal ultrasound examination, in B-mode and powerflow, every 12 hours, from the zero hour of implant removal until 72 hours later, totaling five evaluations , to measure follicular diameter, ovulatory follicle diameter, follicular growth rate from D9 to day eleven, follicular wall area and follicular wall blood perfusion area, and time between progesterone device removal and ovulation . For the control group, the females had the estrous cycle synchronized only using progesterone implant, to mimic the natural cycle during the dynamic evaluations. After the analysis, it was found that there were no statistical differences for the variables evaluated, but a trend of seropositive females to have larger diameters of ovulatory follicles. These results assume that the bacterium does not exert influence on the recruitment and initial follicular development of goats submitted to pharmacological control of the estrous cycle, nor on the irrigation area of the follicle wall, indicating that there is no difference in blood perfusion in the evaluated animals.

In Brazil, toxic plants are introduced under natural conditions and their consumption is can cause damage to the health and vitality of the human organism, especially of domestic animals. Among these, Crotalaria retusa, has a high content of monocrotaline pyrrolizidine alkaloid (MCT). Studies have already shown that in the central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes and neurons are targets of cytotoxic effects of MCT and its metabolite, hydromonocrotaline. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of monocrotaline, extracted from Crotalaria retusa seeds, in brain endothelial cells in in vitro models. For that, the CPBs were obtained from the brain of adult Wistar rats, cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% SFB treated with MCT at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 500 µM. After 24h and 72h, the effect of MCT on cell viability, through the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, analyzed by the MTT test. Cell morphology and growth were analyzed by phase contrast microscopy and immunocytochemistry for the cytoskeleton protein β-actin. Co-cultures of neurons and glial cells were obtained from the cortex of newborn and embryonic Wistar rats and cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% SFB; after 21 days, co-cultures were exposed to conditioned medium derived from CECs treated for 24 hours with MCT (100-500 µM, MCCEC). Cell morphology and growth were analyzed by phase contrast microscopy, Rosenfeld staining and immunocytochemistry for cytoskeleton proteins GFAP and β-III tubulin. It was observed by the MTT test that MCT is not toxic to CPB in the adopted concentrations and induced an increase dependent on the concentration in cell dehydrogenase activity and cell vacuolization, mainly after 72 hours of treatment, suggesting resistance to damage and drug metabolism. In addition, exposure of glial / neuron co-cultures to conditioned media derived from CECs treated for 24 hours with MCT (100-500 µM) induced changes in cell morphology and vacuolization, with apparent reduction in neurites and overexpression of GFAP. These results suggest that CEC metabolizes MCT into compounds that can induce cytotoxicity and astrogliosis. Additional studies of the SCC secretoma and the molecular pattern of the glial response will be performed to better understand the role of glial-associated SCCs in the neurotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid and its metabolites.

ROCHA, L. C. Influence of classical equestrian categories on blood constituents of
Brasileiro de Hipismo equines. 2021. 72p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science in the
Tropics) - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Federal University of Bahia,
2021.
Equestrian activities are increasingly evident in the world, with classical equestrian being the most
prominent equestrian sport. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a

classical equestrian competition event, on muscle activity markers, stress and fitness markers, acid-
base balance markers and blood count and total protein constituents, verifying the dynamics of

these blood elements in three classical equestrian show jumping categories in horses of the
Brasileiro de Hipismo Race (BH). The animals were subjected to three treatments according to the
height category of the Show jumping competition: 0.80 meter, 0.90 meter and 1.00 meter, with a
one week interval between jumping competitions. In each jumping category the animals were
evaluated by physical and blood parameters at the following times: at rest (T0), immediately after
exercise (T1), 30 min (T2), 1, 2 and 4 hours (T3, T4, and T5, respectively) after completion of the
equestrian events. To achieve the proposed objectives, the following blood components were
evaluated: blood count, hemogasometry (pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide - pCO2, total
carbon dioxide - TCO2, bicarbonate - HCO3-, base excess - EB, blood urea nitrogen - BUN,
glucose - Glu) and biochemistry (total proteins, lactate, cortisol and the activity of the enzymes CK
and AST). It was possible to observe changes in muscle activity markers at T1 in the three

categories, increases in markers of stress and conditioning (BUN, cortisol and in lactate); of acid-
base balance markers (Na, pH and pCO2); in hematimetric parameters (He, Hb, VG, VCM, total

leukocytes, segmented and lymphocytes) and total proteins, in the three jumping categories at T1.
The majority of the blood variables reached their basal values at time T5, with the activity of the
enzymes CK and AST remaining altered. It was possible to state that classical horseback riding
using BH animals in the three jumping categories studied can be classified as a moderate exercise,
where there is a predominance of anaerobic energy to perform the jumps.

CAMPOS-SANTOS, M. Wild Animals Received at the Triage Center of Wild (2009 to 2019). Savior. 2021. 75p. Thesis (PhD in Animal Science in the Tropics) - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Federal University of Bahia, 2021. Trafficking in wild animals is the third more profitable illegal activity dispersed in the world, removes millions of animals annually from nature and has generated numerous socioenvironmental impacts. The actions to combat trafficking generate a quantity of animals, which are usually sent to the Wild Animal Screening Centers (Cetas). The aim of this study was to evaluate quantitatively the wildlife sent to Cetas / Ba between 2009 and 2019. There is a lack of data on different aspects of fauna removed from their natural habitats and wildlife trade in Bahia. Data were obtained from three Cetas units in Bahia (Porto Seguro, Salvador and Vitória da Conquista), through a survey of the animals’ entry records in the evaluated period. Information from the terms of the Apprehensions and Deposits (Tad’s) records, spontaneous deliveries, rescues and transfers between Cetas units were considered. The Quantum Gis (QGis) software was used to locate the municipalities. During the study period, 97,651 wild animals were delivered. Birds 82.90% (80,948), reptiles 12.30% (12,007) mammals 4.77% (4,661) and 35 arachnids. Apprehensions corresponded to 69.67% (67,974), voluntary surrender 13.69% (13,367), rescues 13.11% (12,803), transferred from Cetas units in other states 2.73% (2,670), and with no form of delivery recorded 0.08% (837) specimens. Ninety hundred and twenty-six endangered specimens were identified. For the birds’ group, apprehension corresponded to 80.68%, and the most trafficked species were: Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola), yellow-bellied seedeater (Sporophila nigricollis) and Red-cowled Cardinal (Paroaria dominicana). For the group of reptiles, voluntary surrender and rescues corresponded to 66.64% of the total records, and the species with the largest number of records were red-footed tortoise (Chenlonoidis carbonarius) and red-tailed boa (Boa constrictor). For mammals, voluntary surrender and rescues corresponded to 89.94% of the total, and the species with the largest number of records were white-tufted-ear Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris). Two hundred and thirty-six municipalities were identified in the terms of entry of the animals, and Salvador, Vitória da Conquista, Feira de Santana, Lençóis, Jequié, and Paulo Afonso were those with the highest volume of records in all delivery modalities (apprehension, rescue, voluntary surrender). The data obtained in the study suggest the state of Bahia as an active supplier of wild animals for trafficking.

BOYDA-ANDRADE, S. Morphobiometry of scleral ossicle rings in Testudines. Salvador, 2021. 128p. Thesis (Doctor in Animal Science on Tropics) – School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny – Federal University of Bahia. The morphobiometric description of the scleral ossicle rings in Testudines is essential to fill the existing knowledge gaps regarding its structure, physiological and taxonomic aspects. Hence, the objective of this thesis was to perform a study of those rings through: 1 – anatomical methods using osteotechnics (maceration and diaphanization) and histological methods (HE stain and histochemistry by Masson’s Trichrome and Picrosirius Red) in 25 green turtles’ (Chelonia mydas) frozen heads for morphologic and craniometric description of the aditus orbitae and scleral rings, besides count, anatomic classification and histological description of individual ossicles; 2 – tomography and ultrasound methods performed in one green turtle (C. mydas), one black-bellied slider (Trachemys dorbigni) and one red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius) for anatomical description and ecobiometry of thickness, density, width and diameter of each ossicle ring’s opening. The main obtained data were: 1 - variation of ossicle count per ring (between nine and seventeen) inside the reported range for reptiles, individual ossicles with trapezoid format, average diameter of the inner opening (6.32 mm) characteristic of scotopic species, average area of the inner opening representing a maximum of 8.37% of the orbital area, proposal of two new ossicular classifications (plus-Verzahnug and minusVerzahnug), bone tissue with lamellar arrangement, which is typical of compact and resistant bones, without bone remodeling characteristics; 2 – general morphological and ring location similarities amidst the three evaluated species with some ecobiometrical differences (green turtle’s rings were visibly larger) probably due to the dissimilar animal sizes. The results may be useful for deductions regarding physiology, activity patterns, taphonomic interpretations and distinction between taxa, apart from the comprehension about homology amongst the species. Both ultrasound and computed tomography were useful tools for this research.

The genus Hepatozoon comprises protozoan hemoparasites that infect amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, being the main intraerythrocytic parasite that infects snakes, with descriptions of more than 130 species. The gamont form of this parasite can cause changes in the morphology of red blood cells, as well as lead to anemia, weight loss, and reduction in reproductive and growth rates. From this scenario, the objective of this research was to evaluate, through direct parasitological and molecular diagnostic methods, as well as hematology and clinical biochemistry assays, the infection by Hepatozoon spp. in free-living Boa constrictor snakes from peri urban Atlantic Forest fragments in Northeastern Brazil. Molecular diagnostic tests (PCR) were performed using two different markers in 52 freeliving Boa constrictor, and blood smears from these animals were analyzed microscopically. Forty amplicons from two ribosomal SSU RNA gene PCRs were sequenced in order to evaluate the Hepatozoon species involved. The frequency of infection was twice as high in molecular assays as in the direct parasitological analysis. The phylogenetic study suggested that two samples would be Hepatozoon musa; two samples were positioned in the same subclade as Hepatozoon ameiva, as well as the formation of an exclusive subclade including 05 samples was observed, suggesting a possible new species of Hepatozoon. On microscopy, morphological changes were observed in the red blood cells, as well as a mean parasitemia of 0.67%. From these results, the animals were divided into two groups, infected and uninfected, and hematological and biochemical analyzes were performed. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for the analyzed hemogram parameters. However, a negative association was observed between the serum creatinine kinase concentration and the level of parasitemia. Hematological and serum biochemical reference values were suggested for free-living Boa constrictor from Northeastern Brazil.

This study aimed to perform meta-analyzes of economic traits to estimate heritability and genetic correlations in sheep and buffalo species. The model with random effects was used in the metaanalyzes, which included a total of 308 articles regarding sheep or buffaloes, 892 heritability coefficients, and 643 genetic correlations. The meta-analysis with sheep estimated heritability ranging from 0.1213 to 0.3912 for growth traits, from 0.0398 to 0.3047 for reproductive traits, 0.1724 to 0.2582 for resistance to nematodes traits, 0.3616 to 0.5808 for wool traits, and from 0.2063 to 0.3299 for carcass traits. The estimates of genetic correlations were mainly positive and ranged from 0.2500 to 0.9665, except for eggs per gram of feces with both body weight (-0.18) and hematocrit (-0.48). For buffalo, the weighted averages of heritabilities ranged from 0.2344 to 0.3811 for growth traits, 0.1134 to 0.2069 for reproductive traits, 0.1058 to 0.3130 for milk production traits, and from 0.1651 to 0.2751 for milk quality traits, and was 0.2075 for resistance to mastitis measure by somatic cell score. Most genetic correlations were positive, ranging from 0.1342 to 0.9884, but some correlations were negative such as expected between milk yield x fat percentage (-0.2103) and milk yield x protein percentage (-0.1967). Because they were obtained through the combination of many studies, carried out in different environments, with different breeds and methodologies, the estimates of the genetic parameters obtained in the present study can be used in breeding programs under different conditions. Thus, these results can support the development of genetic improvement programs in sheep and buffaloes, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries, that do not yet have a data control that allows to accurately estimate the parameters analyzed here, where these animals are of great economic importance.

Worldwide, there are more than one billion individuals infected with soil-borne helminthiasis (SBH), which has Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara spp. and hookworms as the main etiological agents. In this context, toxocariasis is a neglected zoonosis and this disease is widespread in many countries, reaching high prevalence regardless of economic conditions. However, the true number of toxocariasis cases is probably underestimated due to the lack of adequate surveillance programs. Toxocariasis is listed as one of the five most important neglected diseases by the Center for Diseases Control - CDC. SBHs are acquired mainly from exposure to soil, water or food contaminated with feces. The proximity of domestic animals such as dogs and cats is an aggravating factor, from an epidemiological point of view, and the soil of public squares and parks can represent an important source of infection for humans. This work is part of an initiative for practices of Active Surveillance of Zoonosis in the municipality of Feira de Santana, and in this context, we collect samples of soil and feces in parks in the urban area of the municipality, with the objective of detecting the presence of Toxocara, evaluate the spatial distribution and associated risk factors, and thus direct strategies and effective actions in the control of these worms, thus minimizing the risks to the population's health, integrating knowledge and practices, aiming one health. Of the 123 squares registered with the Municipal Secretariat of Public Services, 77 were drawn, with soil collection in 69 squares and feces in 58 squares. The examination of the soil by the centrifugal-flotation in zinc sulfate resulted in 30 squares with positive soil for Toxocara spp, and most of the time found infertile eggs. Geochemical analyzes were performed on soil samples, determining the concentration of metals by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Goetz modular spectrometry, as well as the determination of pH and humidity. Satellite images were evaluated to calculate the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized differential water index (NDWI). Characteristics of parks were noted and associated with soil contamination by Toxocara. No correlations or differences were found between the geochemical variables and the presence of Toxocara spp in the soil, while for the epidemiological variables, there was a tendency to find positive soil samples in those squares where the presence of canine feces was reported (P value = 0,0551). Of 234 stool samples collected in 58 places, parasites were found in 38 (16.45%), representing 23 (39.65%) places with at least one positive stool sample, with hookworms being the most frequent parasites (37 / 38; 97.36%) and Toxocara spp. found in three (7.89%) stool samples. The analysis of local clusters resulted in two clusters of squares with the presence of feces, and the analysis of Kernell densities, either for the presence of feces or for the contamination of feces with parasites, followed the clusters. The epidemiological analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of feces from carnivores and the presence of feces from other animals.

MORAES, G. S. Occurrence of Chlamydia psittaci in free-living birds in an area of the Atlantic Forest Biome, Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, 2019. 62f. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science in the Tropics) - School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics - Federal University of Bahia, 2019. Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) is the etiologic agent of a highly infectious zoonosis that mainly affects birds of the orders Psittaciformes and Columbiformes, although it has already been described in more than 467 species of domestic and free-living birds in the world. Most human cases have been reported in association with the presence of birds, being considered one of the main zoonoses that has birds as a source of infection. The frequency of infection by C. psittaci was evaluated in different species of Atlantic Forest birds in the Serra da Jiboia region, Bahia, Brazil, where 111 birds belonging to the orders Passeriformes (89), Columbiformes (7), Apodiformes ( 6), Caprimulgiformes (4), Psittaciformes (3), Galbuliformes (2), of 55 different species. Cloaca and oropharynx swabs were collected for the molecular diagnosis of Chlamydia by means of a sample pool of each specimen. The study revealed that C. psittaci has free-living avian hosts, with six specimens positive for Chlamydia sp. (5.40%, 6/111) and of these, two individuals (Myiophobus fasciatus and Ceratopipra rubrocapilla), were positive for C. psittaci (33.33%, 2/6) representing 1.80% (2/111) of total population studied. The presence of the bacteria in this avifauna population confirms the circulation of the agent in the wild and the need for further studies on the spread of Chlamydia in the Atlantic Forest Biome and its possible interactions with captive birds and poultry breeding in the surrounding rural areas. the forest.

DA SILVA, V. M. Pediculated autograft of the vaginal tunica in dogs with perineal hernia. 2019. 43p. Dissertação (Mestre em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) – Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia – Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2019. The vaginal tunic preserves essential properties for grafting, which has already motivated its use in reparative surgeries of various tissues, including for repair of the pelvic diaphragm in dogs in the form of a free or pediculated graft. The latter type has been successfully reported in a dog with unilateral perineal hernia. Therefore, the objective was to describe the surgical technique and to validate the transoperative maneuvers necessary for tissue transposition. The objective was also to evaluate the applicability of the vaginal tunic as a pedicled graft in the repair of the pelvic diaphragm in seventeen dogs with perineal hernia. The technique was based on the preservation of the vaginal tunic after open pre-scrotal orchiectomy and its inversion by the inguinal ring. Subsequently, the tunic was transposed to the perineal region, where it was attached to the pelvic diaphragm muscles with unilateral or bilateral defects. Considering the bilaterality of the 17 pelvic diaphragms, twenty antimers were repaired and the patients evaluated periodically for 180 days. From the results of this study, it is considered that the surgical technique used proved to be feasible, easy to perform, with acceptable surgical time. It is noteworthy that orchiectomy is already part of the surgical protocol, in addition to having no additional cost related to the acquisition of grafting material and less risk of rejection. The maneuvers necessary to transpose the pedicled graft and its implications did not alter the anatomophysiology of the region and favored the maintenance of the graft vasculature, enhancing the healing process. Herniorrhaphy using a pediculated autologous vaginal tunic can be considered as an option for reconstructing the pelvic diaphragm in dogs unilaterally or bilaterally.

Vaquejada has been practiced for over a century, being one of the most traditional equestrian sports in Brazil, especially in the Northeast. After being the subject of discussions in various scenarios, the activity became considered the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the country (Law 13.364 / 2016). Despite its cultural importance, studies on horses used in the said athletic modality are still rare. In this sense, the objective of this work was to determine the influence of physical exercise on physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters of Quarter Horses and their crossbred, submitted to a vaquejada simulation test (VST). The study was carried out in February and March 2018. Ten horses, being five pull horses and five helper horses, considered clinically healthy were used. The animals performed a VST, in which each pair, consisting of a rider / pull horse and a rider / helper horse, ran three batteries, with a break of 5 (M1), 10 (M2) and 15 (M3) minutes of rest, on a soft sand track along with a bull. The horses were evaluated at six different times: rest (T0), immediately after the first battery (T1), immediately after the second battery (T2), immediately after the third battery (T3), with 30 minutes of recovery (T4) and with 240 minutes of recovery (T5). A horse-friendly Polar V800- GPS heart rate monitor (HR) was used to measure HRmax, HRmed, Vmax, Vmed, duration and speed achieved. Blood samples were obtained for blood count and the following biochemical analyzes: glucose, lactate, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase and total protein. The variables were statistically analyzed with two-factor comparison, with a significance level of 5%. It was observed that in M3 the helper horses presented lower values related to glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase, body temperature, higher values for triglycerides and MCV. Regarding the activity (pull x helper horses), it was observed that there were significant differences for the variables glucose, creatinine kinase and body temperature. It was concluded that the changes observed in the physiological, hematological and biochemical markers are compatible with the type and intensity of exercise performed by each of the categories of animals studied (pullers x helper horses) and that the helper horses presented a higher participation of aerobic metabolism during the practice of the activity showing a better utilization in the 15 minutes rest interval between the batteries. Due their differentiated physical efforts, it is important to prepare training protocols and individualized nutritional programs, aiming at a better performance and guaranteeing the wellbeing of these athletes.

VARJÃO, N. M. Applicability of the technical cell clock for diagnostic evaluation of bone marrow in dogs. 2020. 48 p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science in the Tropics) - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Federal University of Bahia, 2020.
The cell block technique is based on the paraffin cytoinclusion of samples obtained via aspirates from parenchymal organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes, or from secretions and nodules. The method allows a good yield of cells, maintaining the structure of the target organ, which allows the histopathological analysis of the samples. Very little is disclosed about the use of cell blocks in bone marrow (MO) in veterinary medicine. Thus, the aim of this study was to standardize and evaluate whether the cell block technique can be satisfactorily employed in the cytological and histological evaluation of dog MO aspirates. Nine dogs were included in the study and analyzed by physical examination, blood count, serum biochemistry and PCR for the detection of endemic infections (Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis), and then they were subjected to the collection of MO aspirates from the sternum and biopsy of the iliac crest. The OM samples were evaluated by cytological examination (myelogram) and histological examination of the cytoinclusions prepared by cell block and biopsy. Two dogs were infected with E. canis at the time of collection of bone marrow samples. There were slight changes in the blood count of 66.6% (6/9) of the dogs. Conventional exams, myelogram and biopsy, showed changes in OM with slight intensity and compatible with hematological findings in 55.5% (5/9) of dogs. The analysis of the MO samples processed by cell block showed that 88.8% (8/9) of the histological sections were viable for histology. There was no difference between the tissue areas calculated according to cell block or biopsy processing (P = 0.6294). Histological analysis of cytoinclusions showed that slight changes in OM in two cases were representative and consistent with the findings of the hematological examination. The microscopic characteristics observed in the cytoinclusions showed that the cell block technique allows the evaluation of cellularity and reticulin fibers with precision equivalent to that of the biopsy in 87.5% (7/8) and 100% (8/8) of the samples of MO, respectively. It is concluded that the cell block technique is suitable for histological analysis of the OM of dogs and may be a less invasive alternative in comparison to biopsy in the diagnostic routine in veterinary medicine.

Ocular surface disorders or aqueous tear deficiency are conditions commonly diagnosed in veterinary practice, especially in dogs. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize diagnostic findings, test-retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations. The study population comprised 50 clinically healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic and 25 non-brachycephalic). A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10min-interval between tests and repeating each test 24h later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test-1 without (STT-1) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT-1), and Schirmer tear test-2 (STT-2). Mean ± SD test values were lower in brachycephalic vs. non-brachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4 ± 2.0 vs. 7.3 ± 2.4 mm/5s without significant difference), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8 ± 0.5 cm vs. 3.4 ± 0.8 cm), PRTT (37.2 ± 4.0 mm/15s vs. 41.1 ± 5.5 mm/15s), STT-1 (20.1 ± 3.4 mm/min vs. 23.3 ± 5.7 mm/min) and NL-STT1 (23.2 ± 3.6 mm/min vs. 27.1 ± 5.4 mm/min), and non-significant differences for EAPPTT (16.6 ± 2.7 mm/15s vs. 17.5 ± 2.9 mm/15s). Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT-1 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r < 0.70) except for a strong positive correlation between STT-1 and NL-STT1 (r= 0.83, P < 0.001). Tests reliability was good although test-retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC = 0.91). In fact corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.

REKOWSKY, B. S. S. Elaboration buffalo Coalho cheese with addition of cow's milk and ingredients with functional potential. 2020. 70 págs. Dissertação (Mestre em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia – Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2020.

Buffalo milk stands out for having a higher percentage of total solids, which provides greater yield in the production of derivatives, such as cheese. However, due to the reproductive characteristics of buffaloes, there is a constant challenge as to seasonality in milk production. Thus, the mixture of cow's milk and buffalo's milk for the manufacture of mixed dairy products may be an alternative to meet the demand for buffalo dairy products by the consumer market. In addition, technological innovations such as the addition of functional ingredients (inulin and Lactobacillus plantarum) enable gains in nutritional quality, as well as an added value to the product, strengthening the buffalo milk chain. In this context, the first part of the present work aimed to select the best formulation, in terms of sensory attributes, for the production of mixed buffalo rennet cheese, with the inclusion of different percentages of cow's milk (15%, 30%, and 45%). In addition, the second stage of the work aimed, based on the previously selected mixed buffalo curd cheese, to evaluate the viability of adding the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and the prebiotic inulin during the 10 days of cheese maturation. The results of the first moment of the work (Chapter 1) demonstrate that the addition of up to 45% of cow's milk promotes significant sensory gains in terms of color and appearance attributes when compared to Coalho cheese produced exclusively with buffalo milk. In the second moment (Chapter 2), the addition of inulin did not alter the physical-chemical characterization of the product as rennet cheese. In contrast, the direct inoculation of L. plantarum proved to be unfeasible, as there was no growth of the probiotic over the 10 days of maturation. Thus, the addition of cow's milk in the formulation of buffalo rennet cheese showed great potential for receptivity in the consumer market and inulin is an ingredient capable of being incorporated into rennet cheeses in order to elaborate functional derivatives. Thus, these are technological innovations that can contribute to the diversification of dairy products from buffalo milk and, thus, enhance the sector of dairy buffalo farming.

ABSTRACT

SILVA, R. M. M. Injuries of the flocked sheep reproductive system in slaughterhouses
in the state of Bahia. Salvador. 2020. 62p. Tese (Doutor em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos)
– Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia – Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2020.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate and diagnose pathologies of the
reproductive system of sheep slaughtered in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia, since there
are few data on the subject and the importance of diagnosing these diseases to apply control
and prophylaxis measures. The research was carried out in slaughterhouses in the state of
Bahia with Federal and State Inspection Services for sheep slaughter. From July 2018 to
February 2019, visits and monitoring of the slaughter of 1,072 sheep were carried out. The
animals came from 22 municipalities in the state of Bahia, aged 6 to 18 months. During
slaughter, the sheep reproductive systems were sectioned for evisceration and lesion
collection. Additionally, epidemiological surveys related to origin, age and race were
obtained. For bacteriological examination, collections were performed with sterile scalpel
slides and swabs in Stuart medium sterile tubes and refrigerated in a thermal box. For
histopathological analysis, fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and routinely
processed for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A study of the main
pathological changes of the sheep reproductive system in slaughterhouses in the state of
Bahia was carried out, 1.072 genital systems evaluated and 211 alterations identified. The
organs most affected reproductive system were the ovaries (65.7%), follower buy uters
(29.5%) and a fallopian tubes (5.2%). In the ovaries, the most frequent lesion was follicular
cyst (34.2%); in the fallopian tubes, the cysts represented 3.3% and in the womb endometritis
was observed 9%. Other pathologies identified in the ovaries were: luteinized cyst (1.9%);
granulosa cellules tumour (0.4%); It is a benign lesion (0.4%); agenesis unilateral (0.4%), in
addition to other changes of little clinical significance, such as cystic corpus luteum (12.3%)
and paraovarian cysts (15.7%). In the fallopian tubes, hydrosalpinx was observed (0.8%),
adenoma (0.4%), agenesis (0.4%), beyond the tube ovarians cysts (3.3%). Uterine lesions
were hydrometra (2.3%); cystic endometrial hyperplasia, abscess and pyometra each had
1.4%; adenomyosis, womb sera petechiae and total segmental aplasia were identified each in
0.8%; two pregnant uteri, in early pregnancy, presented pyometra (0.8%), but the fetuses did
not change; and uterine polyp (0.4%). An ectopic pregnancy with fetal maceration (0.4%)
was observed; vaginitis occurred in 0.4%, and endometrial melanosis in 8.5%. The high
incidence of follicular cysts and endometritis are diseases that reduce the reproductive
efficiency of the herds, causing infertility and economic losses in production.

REZENDE-GONDIM, M. M. Immunomagnetic separation of tissue cysts and sporocysts of Toxoplasma gondii using a single monoclonal antibody and characterization of its target protein by Western blot e IMUNOBLOT. 2020. 110p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) - Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2019. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite that infects about one third of the human population. Horizontal transmission of T. gondii occurs more often by ingestion of tissue cysts containing bradyzoites and/or ingestion of sporulated oocysts. The current study aimed to develop a protocol of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) directed to T. gondii tissue cysts and soporocysts, and to isolate the protein recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) K8/15-15. This was the first described mAb that is able to simultaneously recognize proteins in tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of the parasite. Using IMS, more than 2,000 in vitro produced tissue cysts were isolated from a single culture flask of 25 cm2 . Moreover, the ratio of tissue cyst/host cell was increased six times by IMS. In vivo generated cysts were successfully separated from murine cells, with no contamination by cell debris or mouse cells. Sporocysts were also separated by IMS, showing that this method may be employed for proteomic studies involving tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of T. gondii. Using IMS, a great amount of tissue cysts was concentrated from cell culture, and after immunoprecipitation, the target antigen was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). The antigen was processed by Western blot, and bands of 272 and 381 kDa were labeled by IMUNOBLOT. The same bands were observed in a separate SDS-PAGE stained by Comassie blue. The results obtained here will favor the conduction of further experiments to fully characterize the target protein of the mAb K8/15-15, in particular, by sequencing the isolated protein by mass spectrometry. The purified protein may be tested in serological studies, as well as in vaccines to prevent toxoplasmosis.

BRITO, L.S. Dosage reduction of equine chorionic gonadotropin by pharmacopuncture in crossbred dairy cows submitted in protocol fixed-time AI. Salvador, 2020. 165p. Thesis (Doctor of Animal Science in the Tropics) – School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Federal University of Bahia, 2020. The pharmacopuncture allows reduces drug dose and minimizes hormone therapy costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) reduced dose during ovulation synchronization in fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI). For this, 33 crossbred bovine females were submitted to transrectal ultrasound examination (US), ten days before (D10) starting the ovulation synchronization protocol. On day zero (D0), a fixed-time AI (FTAI) protocol was initiated by inserting the intravaginal progesterone (P4) implant, associated with the application of 2.0mg estradiol benzoate and 12.5mg dinoprost tromethamine intramuscularly. On day eight (D8), the intravaginal P4 implant was removed and 12.5mg dinoprost tromethamine and 1 mg estradiol cypionate (EC) were administered to all animals, intramuscularly. On D8, the intravaginal P4 device was removed and 12.5mg dinoprost tromethamine and 1mg estradiol cypionate (EC) were administered to all animals, intramuscularly. Then, the females were randomly distributed in three groups: Group 1 (control) (n = 11) were administered 300IU eCG (im); Group 2 (reduced dose) (n =1 0) were administered 100IU eCG (im) and Group 3 (reduced dose) (n = 12) were administered 100IU eCG in Baihui acupoint. During the follicular dynamics, US examinations were performed, in mode B and power-flow, every 12 h from D8 to ovulation, which occurred until D10. During the follicular dynamics period were measure follicular diameter (FD), follicular growth rate from D8 to D10 (FGRD8-D10), the follicular wall area (FWA), the blood perfusion area of the follicular wall (BPAFW) and the blood perfusion percentage in the area of the follicular wall (PBPAFW). In D24, during the luteal phase, the following variables were measured: luteal diameter (DCL); luteal area (ACL); CL blood perfusion area (BPACL) and percentage of blood perfusion in the CL area (BPPACL), also with the aid of US mode B and power flow. Blood samples were collected to measure serum P4 concentrations on day 8; 10 and 24. Data were submitted to ANOVA test and average was compared by Tukey test and a significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was considered. There were no significant differences between the synchronization protocols for all variables tested during the follicular dynamics, but Group 3 showed a tendency in relation to Group 2, as it presented higher FD in D10 (P = 0.06) and a larger preovulatory follicle diameter xiii (P = 0.09), as well as in BPAFW 8 (P = 0.07) and in the percentage of BPAFW 8 (P = 0.07). The experimental groups presented similar preovulatory serum P4 concentrations at each moment of the evaluation (P > 0.05), demonstrating homogeneity among them. There was no significant difference between synchronization protocols for the above-mentioned postovulatory luteal variables. These results indicate that Baihui acupoint was effective as an alternative route for eCG dose reduction, without detriment to reproductive rates, in FTAI protocols without negatively affecting reproductive rates in crossbred dairy cows, reducing the costs of this biotechnology.

The collared peccary and the crab-eating fox are species widely distributed in American territory; however, deforestation, hunting and habitat fragmentation are threats facing these animal populations. Research on the morphophysiology of wild animals has received considerable contributions from renowned institutions across the country, which promote dissemination and clarification of professionals from different areas of knowledge. Thus, this detailed study may represent important factor for the preservation and protection of fauna. Therefore, the study aims to describe the macroscopic anatomy of the phrenic nerve and detail its origin and distribution in the diaphragm muscle of collared peccary and crab-eating fox. The phrenic nerve of 16 Tayassu tajacu specimens originates from C4, C5 and C6, and can receive contribution of C7 and the pectoral nerve to its formation. Upon reaching diaphragm muscle, it branches into costoesternal trunk and lumbar branch in greater frequency on both to the right and to the left (81.25% and 68.75%, respectively); and in the lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch in less frequency (18,75% on the right and 31.25% on the left). In the crab-eating fox when compared to the domestic dog, there is a similar origin from C5, C6 and C7 to Cerdocyon thous and C5, C6 and occasionally C7. Upon reaching the diaphragm, this anatomical component ends in lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch in the crab-eating fox; in costoesternal trunk and lumbar branch in greater frequency and in lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch in the domestic dog. These structures emit branches both on the right and on the left to corresponding pars lumbalis, pars costalis and pars sternalis. So, the description of the phrenic nerve anatomy is important for surgical approaches and anesthetic protocols in cervico-thoracic surgeries, in which prior anatomophysiological knowledge is necessary

The inappropriate use of antiparasitic agents has favored the selection of parasites resistant to commercial chemical products, which has encouraged research on the investigation of compounds obtained from plants for the control of animal’s parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antiparasitic activity and cytotoxicity of berberine, harmaline and piperine alkaloids on ruminant’s parasites. The alkaloids used in this study were obtained commercially, and their acaricidal and anthelmintic activities were investigated against Rhipicephalus microplus larvae and gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of goats, respectively. For the acaricidal evaluation of the alkaloids, the larval immersion test was used, while in the anthelmintic evaluation, the egg hatch (EHA) and larval motility (LMA) assay were used. The relationship between the acaricidal effect and the in vitro (spectrophotometry) and in silico (docking and molecular dynamics) inhibition of R. microplus acetylcholinesterase (RmAChE) and the possible cytotoxic effects of these alkaloids in Vero cell (MTT test) were also investigated. In the acaricidal evaluation, both berberine (97%) and piperine (98%) showed activity greater than 95%, not differing from the positive control (fipronil, 100%, p > 0.05). At the same concentration (24 mM), only treatment with harmaline resulted in low larvicidal activity (32.75%). The highest anticholinesterase activity in vitro was observed for berberine (IC50 = 88.13 µM, inhibitory concentration 50%), while piperine showed low inhibitory activity of RmAChE (IC50 > 200 µM). Evidence obtained in the in silico study with berberine and RmAChE 1 suggests that this alkaloid fills preferentially the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzyme. The results of the anthelmintic evaluation revealed that berberine, harmaline and piperine showed ovicidal activity with values effective concentration 50% (EC50) equal to 1.32, 1.6 and 0.0074 mM, respectively. In LMA, only the berberine alkaloid showed larvicidal efficacy with a percentage of larval motility inhibition equal to 98.17% (2.69 mM). In cytotoxic evaluation, the three alkaloids have reduced toxicity to Vero cells, with a cytotoxic effect of less than 50%. These results suggest that the alkaloids berberine and piperine have antiparasitic potential with low toxicity for mammalian cells, and the likely mechanism of acaricidal action of berberine is related to the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme of R. microplus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathological findings in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and their impact on conservation, correlating them with fishing, parasitic infections by spirorchids, as well as the identification of ocular pathologies. Sixty-one animals (46 females and 15 males) were necropsied and samples of organs with lesions identified by macroscopy were collected for histopathological evaluation. Data from animals confirmed or suggestive of interaction with fishing were recorded. Of the total number of turtles evaluated, it was possible to determine the cause of death in 90,2% of the turtles, 77% of which were natural threats, 16.7% of the cases were associated with human interaction and 6.6% were inconclusive. Regarding cause of death, 44.3% died of acute respiratory failure; 26.2% of sepsis, 16.4% due to cachexia/malnutrition, 4.9% had circulatory collapse due to thromboembolism and 1.6% had gastric compaction. In inconclusive cases, 3.3% were not observed macroscopic changes determining death. 3.3% of the animals were found to be euthanized. To identify the occurrence of trematodes of the family Spirorchiidae and the lesions caused by these parasites, fecal samples were collected from 41/61 (68.3%) necropsied animals, and of these, 6.5% had adult parasites, which were located in the light of large vases. The coproparasitological evaluation allowed the identification of three types of spirorchid eggs, using the sedimentation technique. The lesions caused by these parasites were granulomas in the TGI serosa (24.6%), parasitic splenitis (19.4%) and thrombus formation in the arteries, with consequent partial or total obstruction (14.7%) of its lumen. The affected arteries were left and right aortas, brachiocephalic trunk, dorsal aorta and celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. Parasitic granulomas in vessel walls were also observed; in 8.2% of the vessels there were thrombi and granulomatous formation in the wall. Another change observed in the vessels was the proliferation of fibrous tissue or endarteritis (9.3%). The most common microscopic findings were pneumonia with parasitic granulomatous vasculitis (54.1%), splenitis and parasitic granulomatous vasculitis (37.7%), nephritis and granulomatous vasculitis (34.4%), heterophilic granulomatous hepatitis (26.2%), choroiditis with parasitic granulomatous vasculitis (26.2%), parasitic myocarditis (21.3%), gastritis with granulomatous vasculitis (19.8%) and adrenalitis with granulomatous vasculitis (4.9%). The anatomo-histopathological evaluation of the specimens' visual apparatus revealed predominantly neoplastic and inflammatory lesions, with fibropapillomatosis (FP) being the most frequent lesion (58.9%), followed by spirorchidiasis (46.8%). Other ophthalmic lesions included mucopurulent conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, corneal perforation, panophthalmitis, phthisis bulbi, bilateral scar tissue in the eyelids and lithiasis in the salt glands. This study confirms the importance of knowing the pathological processes that affect sea turtles, such as those caused by anthropogenic action, parasitic infections or eye diseases, as these are changes that can directly impact the management and conservation of these species.

Information obtained on the biology and reproductive biotechnology of the domestic cat allows a correlation and application in feline wild species. The study of the physical characteristics and their association with reproductive parameters allows increasing the selection criteria of individuals for reproduction of endangered species. Semen cryopreservation is a fundamental component for assisted reproduction programs in wild felids. Objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the biometric measurements and the previous and post freezing morphokinetic characteristics of feline domestic and wild species sperm, obtained by urethral catheterization using two different drugs and processed with three seminal extenders. For this study, 13 feline males (Felis catus), selected and separated into groups, according to the drug tested (Experiment 1). In the first experimental group (GD1), the combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (0.1mg/kg) and ketamine (5mg/kg) was used and in the second group (GD2) the combination of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (0.025mg/kg) and ketamine (5mg/kg). After the required anesthetic level was reached, the animals were submitted to probing with urethral catheter, and the semen was collected and transported to the laboratory for analysis. We evaluated the semen quality characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm with conventional microscopy: volume, total motility and progressive motility, percentage of spermatozoa with membrane functional integrity (osmotic shock) and membrane structural integrity (eosin stain), sperm concentration and sperm morphology. There was no difference in sperm parameters (P> 0.05) into groups GD1 and GD2. The samples were cryopreserved in three groups of cryoprotectants (Experiment 2), GC1 with 6% glycerol (GLI), GC2 with 3% dimethylacetamide (DMA) GC3 with 3% dimethylformamide (DMF). For frozen-thawed semen, kinetic parameters in computerized analysis equipment (CASA) and fluorescence in flow cytometry were also evaluated, when there were also no differences (P> 0.05) for the parameters evaluated between the groups studied. The study of spermatic subpopulations identified four subpopulations with independent behaviors defined between them. After the semen collection and obtainment of its parameters, the animals were submitted to orchidectomy. In the animals, corporal and testicular measurements were performed: head length, head circumference, head +body length, thoracic diameters, tail length and total length, width, length, thickness of each testicle, and body weight (Experiment 3). In addition, the testicles of the animals were measured with ultrasonography. Post-orchiectomy testicles were also measured and weighed. The estimated testicular parameters were testicular area, testicular volume, testicular weight and gonadosomatic index. We compared the methods of testicular measurements and estimated linear Pearson correlations between body biometry, testicular and sperm parameters. There were no differences between the measurements obtained with the two measurement methods of the testicles (P> 0.05). Positive correlations xiii (P <0.05) were observed between total length and testicular parameters, as well as between sperm concentration and testicular parameters. For the study with the wild felids, a Leopardus wiedii, a Puma yagouaroundi and a Panthera onca ounce were included. The animals were submitted to chemical ejaculation with the combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (0.1mg/kg) and ketamine (5mg/kg) IM. Seminal samples were collected by urethral catheterization were frozen with the same cryoprotectants and concentrations of Experiment 2. For the latter study, no differences were found for the extender used (P> 0.05). It was concluded that there are no differences in sperm quality in fresh and post-thawing. However, testicular biometry exerts an important influence on the sperm concentration of the breeders, being an adequate parameter to be considered in felid breeding.

The objective of this study was to describe for the first time the clinical-epidemiological, laboratory and pathological aspects of different forms of enzootic ataxia in goats and lambs in the state of Bahia, as well as to propose an emergency oral treatment with copper sulfate in an individualized way for neonates. Three outbreaks of enzootic ataxia were studied. The history, clinical signs and epidemiological data were obtained from the owners and checked during the visits. The first outbreak (PS) occurred in 2013 in a property located in the municipality of Itaberaba and affected a herd composed of 90 goats and 130 sheep. The second outbreak (SS) occurred in 2014 in the municipality of Santa Luz and affected a herd of 90 goats and 110 sheep. The third outbreak (TS) occurred in 2018, in a property located in the same municipality of SS, being the herd constituted by 80 sheep. Samples of blood were collected from all goats and sheep treated for serum copper dosage. Nine animals (five goats and four sheep) that presented a more severe clinical picture and unfavorable prognosis were necropsied for diagnostic confirmation. During the necropsy of the PS, SS and TS animals liver samples were collected for hepatic copper dosing. At the site where SS occurred, samples of soil and the main forages where the animals were kept were collected in order to determine copper, iron, molybdenum, sulfur and zinc contents. The clinical and histopathological findings of the three outbreaks studied were classics of enzootic ataxia. In the outbreaks studied, the prevalence of enzootic ataxia was higher in kids (68) than in lambs (46) and presented high case fatality rates of 84.3% and 92.2%, respectively. The mean values of serum copper (PS, SS and TS) and hepatic (PS and SS) of goats (serum - 0.05mg / kg, hepatic - 2.88mg / kg) and sheep (serum - 0.015mg / kg) is much lower than the reference values, being at least 12 times lower in goats and 40 times in sheep. The levels of iron and sulfur were high in the fodder of the property where SS occurred, already in the soil, iron levels were high and copper levels were reduced. The treatment tested in neonates and lambs with two doses of copper sulphate solution orally at a dose of 20 mg / kg in the first and second week of life was effective in preventing enzootic ataxia in neonates and to be used for emergency disease control. The occurrence of enzootic ataxia (congenital and late form) in goats and sheep was first reported in Bahia. It is also worth noting that this disease caused by copper deficiency has caused great damage to the breeders of small ruminants, mainly due to the high mortality of the animals affected.

In order to evaluate the effects of eCG, BE and GnRH on the follicular dynamics and luteal characteristics of lactating buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), 40 females were submitted to an FTAI protocol. At day 0 all animals received an intravaginal P4 device, associated with 2mg of BE and 0.5mg of sodium cloprostenol. In D9, the implant was removed and 0.5mg of sodium cloprostenol was administered in all animals and 400UI of eCG in half of the animals. In the D10 (24 hours after implant removal) half of the females treated with eCG and half of the females not treated with eCG received 1,0mg of BE. In D11 the other half of the eCG treated females and the untreated females received 10μg of a GnRH analogue (buserelin acetate). In this way, the four experimental groups were constituted: C/eCG+GnRH (n= 10), S/eCG+GnRH (n= 10), C/eCG+BE (n= 10) and S/eCG+BE (n= 10). With the use of B-mode and power-Doppler ultrasonography, DFol (D9, D10 and D11), DFOV, TXFol, VFOV, %VFOV, MOV and TxOV were evaluated in follicular dynamics, in addition to DCL D18, VCL and dosages of P4 (D18) for the luteal function. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Tukey test, Kruskal-Wallis test and repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. Significant statistical differences were found for DCL D18 with 1,78±0,12cm in the group (C/eCG+BE) and 1,62±0,11cm in the group (S/eCG+BE), in addition, in the P4 between the treatments C/eCG+GnRH (4,09±0,94 ng/mL) and S/eGC+GnRH (2,80±0,70 ng/mL). Regarding the variables evaluated by the power-Doppler mode, no statistical difference was found between the experimental groups. It was concluded that the use of BE or GnRH associated to eCG allowed efficient synchronization and induction of ovulation in lactating buffaloes submitted to an FITAI protocol, and should also take into account the cost-benefit factor favorable to the use of BE.

The treatment of caseous lymphadenitis with antibiotics is not effective, requiring the surgical
excision of the lesions. The 10% iodine solution is currently the choice for the post-surgical
treatment, but may present histotoxicity. Considering that green propolis has proven to have
antibacterial and wound healing properties, this study aimed to evaluate the use of a green
propolis-based ointment as a post-surgical therapeutic option in the treatment of caseous
lymphadenitis. Thirty-eight sheep were submitted to surgery for the excision of caseous
lesions, and then divided into two groups, (1) iodine treatment, and (2) treatment with green
propolis ointment. Clinical data of the animals, the size of the scar area and the presence of
moisture and secretion in the surgical wound, as well as the humoral immune response against
the bacterium, were analyzed. The green propolis treated group completely healed the surgical
wound one week before the iodine treated group, with fewer cases of wound secretion,
although not statistically different from the iodine treated group. No clinical signs were found
to indicate toxicity or other side effects of propolis use, associated with faster and more
organized hair recovery. It is concluded that the green propolis ointment can be used in the
post-surgical treatment of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, due to its significant
effect on healing and inhibition of wound contamination, with a better esthetic effect after the
final recovery of the animal.

The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of outbreaks of spontaneous intoxication due to the consumption of Prosopis juliflora pods in cattle and goats in the State of Bahia. The history of ingestion of "mesquite beans" pods along with classic clinical signs of the "jaw and tonque trouble" and epidemiological data of the four outbreaks were obtained from technical visits, with the assistance of Veterinary Doctors of the CDP / UFBA and UFRB responsible for the visits and by rural staff. The first outbreak (PS) occurred in May 2011 at a property located in the municipality of Juazeiro and affected a herd of 150 goats. The Second Surge (SS) occurred in February 2015 in the municipality of Iaçu and reached a herd composed of 20 goats. The third outbreak (TS) occurred in July and September 2014, in a rural property located in the municipality of Tucano and affected a herd of 30 cattle. The Outbreak Room (QS) happened in August of 2016, in a property consisting of a herd of 110 cattle. Of the seven animals that presented a severe clinical condition and poor prognosis, six were euthanized and necropsied for diagnostic confirmation, four goats (C1-PS, C2-PS, C3-SS and C4-SS) and two bovines (B1-TS and B2 -TS), a bovine (B3-QS) was not allowed its euthanasia. During necropsy samples of the CNS and masseter muscle fixed in 10% formalin were collected. The clinical findings (PS, SS, TS and QS) and histopathological findings (PS, SS and TS) verified in the outbreaks reported here were compatible with algaroba intoxications. Clinically we observed mainly progressive weight loss, atrophy of chewing muscles, pendulous mandible, tongue protrusion, difficulty in seizing and chewing food, tilting of the "jaw and tonque trouble" head during chewing or rumination and excessive salivation. In the laboratory tests of the animals evaluated (C3-SS, C4-SS and B3-QS) anemia and hypoproteinemia were observed. At necropsy he observed cachexia, atrophy, paleness of the masseter muscle and recognizable fragments of "mesquite beans" pods. Histologically, it observed degeneration of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and atrophy by denervation of the masseter muscle with replacement by fibrous tissue. Control measures and prophylaxis of intoxication and management with "algaroba", it is discussed the need to develop research to determine the economic viability and sustainability of the algaroba exploiting its forage potential (animal feeding and commercialization of pods) and timber (production of firewood, coal, cuttings and mourners). P. juliflora intoxication with necroscopic and histopathological record in cattle and goats was reported for the first time in BA. Showing to be an important disease for both species in the State.

The number of studies aimed at elucidating the new therapeutic guidelines is increasingly increasing for mammary neoplasms in bitches. In this context, a study was carried out to validate the carboplatin analysis method in the plasma of rats and women to evaluate the influence of proliferation and cyclophosphamide on the pharmacology of carboplatin in healthy wistars - preclinical medical test. We studied the 24 wistars, divided into three experimental groups, Group 1 consisting of animals with carboplatin alone (n = 8), Group 2 animals treated with carboplatin preceded by applications of Ivermectin and Group 3 animals treated with carboplatin associated with cyclophosphamide in metronomic regimen (n = 8). It was collected after general anesthesia of all animals at the same times 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes after administration of carboplatin, where the animals were euthanized and referred to the pathology sector. The following were collected: kidneys, intestine, fragments of liver and lung. Blood samples were directed to the pharmacokinetic analysis using the noncompartmental model HPLC-UV. The method had full validation in bitches, as this study is a pilot for evaluation of pharmacokinetics in female dogs with mammary carcinomas. The same method was linear and reproducible for plasma analyzes of Wistars rats (pilot study). The data were a modest trend to increase the shelf-life of the ivermectin group when it became a pilot group (carboplatin), which may also be noted in reducing clearance of the drug in the same group. With the result of the histopathological, we did not detect only cases of discrete circulatory and degenerative alterations in the renal and hepatic parenchyma.

There is a tendency to seek more natural habits on the part of the population and this
tendency includes the feeding practices for their pets; in this case, raw meat foods
represent the natural alternative for dogs and cats. The present study proposed to evaluate
the potential risks and benefits of raw meat intake as part of the dog diet. Twelve dogs were
evaluated, six (6) of commercial kennel and six (6) of kennel-shelter, by means of clinical
examination, hematological, biochemical and parasitological analyzes before and after the
dietary intervention with 20% of raw bovine meat of the volume ingested. Dogs received the
same dry commercial feed for 15 days (adaptation phase) and then received 20% of the
daily intake of fresh raw meat for 15 days. The raw beef supplied to the dogs was analyzed
by means of microbiology to investigate bacterial contamination using standard methods for
the research of mesophilic aerobes, coliforms and Salmonella sp. Samples of raw beef from
different commercial establishments in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, were
also analyzed by the same microbiological methods. The results of the hemogram revealed
increased mean red blood cell counts (p &lt;0.05), globular volume (p &lt;0.05) and hemoglobin
(p &lt;0.05) after the introduction of raw meat. There were no significant differences in counts
of total, segmented leucocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and platelets that could be
associated with the diet based on raw meat. The research and quantification of mesophilic
aerobic microorganisms indicated that 75% of the meat samples had counts greater than
10 5 UFC, indicating degeneration of the food, 92% of the samples contained enterobacteria,
including E. coli, and none contained Salmonella spp. The present study showed that the
ingestion of raw meat brought benefits evidenced in the hematological parameters of the
dogs. There were no evidence of infection in clinical parameters, leukogram and serum
biochemistry and parasitological tests of the dogs that could be associated with the
ingestion of raw meat. These results indicate that the use of raw meat in the diet may be
beneficial to dogs&#39; health and open the prospect for new studies on nutritional aspects and
canine health associated with raw meat feeding

In 2014, Brazil produced 153,659 tonnes of goat's milk, the Northeastern region being the most prominent, accounting for 92% of the Brazilian goat herd. However, goat's milk still has a restricted industrialization in the country, and a greater incentive is needed both for increased consumption and for increased industrialization, which are negatively influenced by the lack of diversity of goat milk products. Thus, an alternative to optimize the dairy goat market is to increase the diversity of products offered by adding value. Goat Coalho cheese seasoned with alcoholic beverages is a great choice for technology improvement and diversification of the goat milk market. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop new Coalho cheeses seasoned from goat's milk using different types of alcoholic beverages (aged cachaça, cocoa honey liquor, mead and pure malt beer), evaluating the physicochemical characteristics, bacterial and sensory characteristics of the new dairy products throughout the storage period. For this, goat's Coalho cheeses seasoned with alcoholic beverages and physical-chemical analyzes (fat, moisture, pH, color and instrumental texture) and bacteriological (lactic acid bacteria count and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis count) were performed at day 0 and throughout the storage period; and sensory analysis (consumer expectation, acceptability, ideal scale, purchase intention and check-all-that-apply) to evaluate the characteristics of each formulation. The seasoning of the cheeses with alcoholic beverages, as well as the stage of this process influence in the physical-chemical, bacteriological and sensorial characteristics of the cheeses, and these become softer and more susceptible to deformation during the storage period. The best cheeses seasoning technology was obtained from pressing for 4 hours and seasoning after maturation of the cheeses for 3 days. The expectation of potential consumers over a goat Coalho cheese seasoned with alcoholic beverages is between the nor will not disgustará, expects to be slightly familiar with goat dairy products and expects to enjoy moderately the goat's characteristic flavor. On the seasoning of cheeses with alcoholic beverages, they expect to be slightly familiar with this seasoning and expect to enjoy moderately the taste of alcoholic beverages in cheeses. Among the evaluated treatments, the control had the best acceptability and purchase intention, a result that is associated with the alcoholic content present in seasoned cheeses. All treatments were close to the ideal by the ideal scale and the soft and white characteristics were the most emphasized by the taste testers, agreeing with the results of instrumental color and texture. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), acid and alcohol aromas, acid taste and alcohol flavor were the characteristics responsible for acceptance of the cheese in the acceptability test. In virtue of these results, it can be concluded that it is possible to elaborate goat cheese flavored with alcoholic beverages and these have good acceptability, as well as changes in their physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics.

The objective of this research is identify the critical restrictions on poultry rearing, and obstacles on backyard chicken and eggs production and trading. Based on previous experiences described by GESAV in communities located at rural areas, it was noted the need to identify management constraints that restricts the endeavor market, which reduce the chances of improvement in the income of these families. The study was realized in rural agrarian reform settlement, on Dias d'Ávila. Participatory methodology was proposed, valuing popular knowledge and customs. Through the dialogue and interviews with the breeders, the socioeconomic profile and characterization of the activity of those involved in family poultry production were traced. The results were tabulated and analyzed using the qualitative methodology Discourse of the collective subject (DSC), to identify the main ideas and determine hindrances. Through the proposed methodology, it was identified some operational limiting points.

For the Brazilian Army to fulfill its missions, the approximately 217,000 military personnel are constantly being trained and exposed to biological hazards. The objective of this work was to know the biological risks in Brazilian military activities and to specify what are the prevention and control measures of the identified risks. The Army Health Directorate was required to report compulsory military disease data from 2017 and 2018, and the incidence of injuries was calculated. Information on notification problems was collected through consultations with electronic websites that provide information from the Notification Disease Information System, 2017 and 2018, and the incidences of notified diseases were calculated. A comparison was made between the incidence of injuries in the military and the general population to identify whether the risk of illness was higher among the military. A consultation was made with the Supply Directorate and a survey of animal-based military organizations to identify cases of zoonoses. To specify the prevention and control measures of the identified diseases, a bibliographic search was made in the academic databases. The results show that urban arboviruses transmitted by the mosquito Aedes spp. It is the diseases that had more notifications among the military and it was found that in some diseases the risk of getting sick is higher in the military than in the general population. Although cases of zoonoses have been reported in military animals, they have not served as a reservoir for the disease. The prevention and control measures for identified health problems are individual protection measures, environmental control measures, immunization, chemoprophylaxis and health education, in addition to the fundamental work of the health officer in risk assessment and proposition of prevention and control measures and the participation of commanders in ensuring that the troops will implement the measures.

Toxocariasis is a neglected geohelmintosis caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, own of the dog and the cat, respectively. Paratenic hosts, including humans, may become infected by ingesting eggs with larvae in the soil, water, food and animals. Occult toxocariasis is the most common in man but may occur visceral larva migrans (liver and other organs), ocular larva migrans, and neurological changes. The objective of this research was to study the occurrence of Toxocara spp in humans from a rural community in Feira de Santana, Bahia, to evaluate the factors associated with human infection and environmental contamination, as well as verify the possibility of broilers raised extensively as indicators of ground contamination. A total of 425 human serum samples were collected and tested for serum anti-Toxocara spp antibodies by ELISAi, with 15.76% seropositive. Samples of 400g of soil from each of 15 properties were analyzed for trace element detection and determination of clay types, relating these data to the amount of parasite eggs per soil gram, the degree of plant cover, climatic and epidemiological (related to the presence of dogs and cats in properties) variables. The analysis of multivariate models of association of variables determined that the number of dogs was significantly associated with environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. Chickens from pathogen-free farms were used as indicators of environmental contamination, with 18 birds being released at 15 days of age on property with a history of dogs with Toxocara infection, having the blood collected at 0, 15 and 30 days after the release. Serum anti-Toxocara spp antibodies examination by ELISAi resulted in increasing reactivity indices. Soil samples revealed a higher frequency of embrionated than infertile Toxocara eggs. At the end of the experiment, the intestinal contents were obtained for coprological examination of nine of these birds. Eggs of Ascaridia galli were found in all nine birds examined and in five of these were recovered adults of A. galli. It is demonstrated the infection of people, the epidemiological characteristics capable of maintaining Toxocara eggs and the potential of birds created extensively as markers of environmental contamination.

The response of melanoma-associated lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate has been studied over the years in medicine as a possible prognostic factor for this highly aggressive tumor, but this evaluation is still not well described in canine melanomas. Thus, in this work we aim to characterize the inflammatory response associated with canine melanomas in the different anatomical sites (mouth, finger and skin) and verify the expression and correlation of MiTF and p38^MAPK with prognostic factors. We studied 117 melanomas classified based on their location in two groups: melanomas located in oral cavity / digits (n = 74) and cutaneous melanomas (n = 43), which were submitted to morphological and morphometric analysis of inflammatory cells and clinical evaluation systematic, in addition to evaluating the survival rate of the animals. From these parameters, it was observed that oral tumors / digits were associated with pathological features related to the worst prognosis such as size, mitotic index, histological type, nuclear atypia and the presence of metastasis. The inflammation was more present in the oral / digits tumors, however discrete, when compared to the group of cutaneous melanomas, the lymphocytes being the predominant cell type. The multivariate analysis showed that the presence of lymphocytic infiltrate was an independent prognostic factor, correlating with the survival rate. These results may help to better understand the role of inflammatory infiltrates, especially lymphocytic ones, in canine melanomas, providing alternative tools in establishing possible prognostic factors.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectants dimethylacetamide
(DMA) and dimethylformamide (DMF) associated or not to glycerol (GL) used in the
formulation of diluent media for cryopreservation of ovine semen in vitro sperm parameters
and fertility in vivo. For that, two experiments were carried out with seven treatments each. In
the experiment 1 the objective was to evaluate the effect of the use of dimethylacetamide, in
different concentrations, associated or not to glycerol, for the preparation of diluents for sperm
cryopreservation, on sperm parameters and fertility index of post-thaw sheep semen. The
treatments were divided into G1: GL6%; G2: DMA3%; G3: GL5% + DMA1%; G4: GL4% +
DMA2%; G5: GL3% + DMA3%; G6: GL2% + DMA4% and G7: GL1% + DMA5%.
Experiment 2 had the objective of studying the efficiency of dimethylformamide in different
concentrations in the dilution media, associated or not to glycerol, for the maintenance of ovine
sperm viability in vitro and in vivo after thawing. The groups were divided into G1: GL6%;
G2: DMF3%; G3: GL5% + DMF1%; G4: GL4% + DMF2%; G5: GL3% + DMF3%; G6: GL2%
+ DMF4%; G7: GL1% + DMF5%. Samples from both experiments were evaluated after
thawing, for sperm kinetics through computer assisted sperm analysis and membrane integrity
by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed through the Statistical Analysis System - SAS
with significance level of 5%. No difference (P> 0.05) was observed between the treatments of
experiment 1 using DMA in the in vitro and in vivo evaluations. In experiment 2 with DMF,
there was difference in membrane integrity only between G4 and G7 (P <0.05), which was not
demonstrated in the in vivo test. It was concluded that cryoprotectants based on
dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide were efficient in the cryopreservation of ovine
semen and could be used as an alternative cryoprotectant.

Mycobacterium bovis is the main responsible for bovine TB and buffalo, an important zoonotic disease with global distribution. The precise investigation of this disease, including more advanced diagnoses, like Spoligotyping, allows to choose the best strategies to combat the disease progression. As in other states, understanding the frequency and distribution pattern of the disease in Bahia contributes to effective planning of control actions, as well as monitoring the progress of the national TB control and eradication program and, in this context, slaughterhouses play a key role. The objective was to investigate the occurrence of lesions suggestive of tuberculosis in bovine and buffalo carcasses inspected in slaughterhouses under an official inspection regime, as well as to identify the presence of mycobacteria in the same and in viscera samples marketed in open fairs in the state of Bahia.

Of the 29 free-trade samples, 20 could be analyzed, excluding autolysed and contaminated, and growth was shown in 25% (5/20) of them, but no evidence of BAAR was shown, however, the environment of the fairs was revealed with inappropriate sanitary conditions. A total of 453,417 carcasses were investigated under the state and federal inspection service, of which 31 animals (0.007%) were considered suspect, from which 49 lesions suggestive of TB were collected from animals from 17 municipalities. Of these, 27 cattle could be analyzed resulting in 74.1% (20/27) growth in selective culture medium and 95% (19/20) were AFB. DNA from the colonies was extracted by thermolysis. All isolates were submitted to Spoligotyping with 95% confirmed profiles of M. bovis (SB0120, SB0121, SB0852, SB0828, SB0295, SB0881, SB1648, SB0140, SB0140, SB1055) showing the genotype strain SB0120 to be the most prevalent and related with cases of human tuberculosis indicating the zoonotic potential of this profile. Spoligotyping allowed to confirm the presence of mixed infections, a high diversity of isolate strains patterns in Bahia and also allowed comparison with other states and countries, showing isolated strains in Brazil, one of the isolated isolates in the literature. The analysis of the spatial distribution has proved to be an important tool for directing health protection actions, allowing for more specific recommendations of the national program for the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Bahia.

Veterinary transfusion medicine has evolved a lot in recent decades, accompanying advances
in human medicine such as the use of new preservative solutions contained in blood bags.
During the storage period of the blood bags, hematological, hemogasometric and biochemical
changes occur in erythrocytes, known as storage lesions. However, few studies have
addressed, in equines, the protocol for storing blood bags in different storage solutions. The
objective of this study was to evaluate hematological, hemogasometric and biochemical
alterations during storage of equine red blood cells in plastic bags containing Citrate,
Phosphate, Dextrose and Adenine (CPDA-1) and Citrate, Phosphate, Dextrose, Saline,
Adenine, Glucose and Mannitol (CPD / SAG-M). 17 bags of red blood cells (8 CPDA-1 and 9
CPD / SAG-M) were evaluated, and laboratory tests were performed weekly for a total of 35
days. The hematological evaluations were: the total red cell count, medium corpuscular
volume (MCV), medium corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), packed cell
volume (PCV), free hemoglobin, and calculation of the degree of hemolysis. The
hemogasometric evaluations were: the hydrogen ionic potential (pH), oxygen partial pressure
(PO2), carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3
-).
The biochemical evaluations were: the concentrations of glucose, lactate and potassium (K+).
The data were submitted to the analysis of the mean values of each parameter and compared
by the Tukey-Kramer test and some parameters were submitted to the proportional changes in
percentage values and to the Pearson correlation test. The significance was stated when P
<0.05. The analyzes in this study demonstrate that equine erythrocytes behave differently
between conservative solutions. Based on the main changes that occurred during the storage
period, such as the degree of hemolysis, pH, lactate levels and extracellular potassium, it was
concluded that the two types of blood bags studied were viable for use when stored for 35
days, but the CPDA-1 bags presented fewer changes regarding storage lesions.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is more common renal disease in adult and aged dogs and cats,
and this is an important cause of death due to progressive and irreversible loss of functional
and/or structural mass. Therapeutic protocols aim to increase survival, which can be
erroneous by several factors, including uremic toxins, anemia and cachexia. However, data on
global survival and the influence of prognostic factors on the survival of their dogs are scarce
in the literature and do not exist in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the
calcium-phosphorus product (CPP) as a prognostic biomarker in these dogs, to evaluate
correlations between survival and others prognostic factors, to propose a system to estimate
the survival of dogs with CKD, in addition to determine the type of mineralization that occurs
in the disease. The epidemiological, clinical-pathological and laboratory aspects of 40 dogs
with CKD with different degrees of azotemia were compared. Overall survival varies
significantly according to the degree of azotemia (mild, moderate and severe), averaging 20.8;
187.4 and 401.5 days, respectively. CPP, body condition score, hematocrit, creatinine,
phosphorus and serum PTH significantly influence the survival of dogs with azotemia and
have been shown to be important prognostic factors of CKD. CPP is a low-cost alternative for
inferring PTH values. Soft tissue mineralizations in dogs with uremia are dystrophic, whereas
they are associated with tissue and/or vascular lesions in the absence of ionized
hypercalcemia. The azotemic dogs clinical-laboratory assessment score (ADCLAS) can be
used by veterinarians to estimate the survival in approximately 481, 126 and 56 days of dogs
with CKD and the risk of death in up to 30 days, which can guide the clinicians for
therapeutic strategies aimed at prolonging the animal's survival.

Routinely, on detection of a splenic proliferative lesion, veterinarians usually choose for splenectomy
before a conclusive diagnosis of the splenic lesion is obtained, which can have a deleterious effect on the dog. The
most appropriate would be, however, its adoption, as a therapeutic measure, only in cases with proven surgical
indication, which can be established after the definite microscopic diagnosis and prognosis. The objective of this
study was to determine the frequency of spleen lesions in splenectomized dog in the 12-year period (2006-
2017), to determine the representativity of neoplastic lesions (benign and malignant) and non-neoplastic lesions
by checking the percentage of lesions after the histopathological diagnosis, would have or not indicated

splenectomy and to evaluate the efficacy of sampling techniques - fine needle aspiration (FNA) or ultrasound-
guided Tru-cut biopsy - of splenic proliferative lesions in dogs for microscopic diagnosis previous to

splenectomy. In the period studied (2006-2017), 224 cases of lesions were found in splenectomized spleens. The
frequency of non-neoplastic lesions [50,45% (113/224)] and neoplastic lesions [49,55% (111/224)] was very
similar. Among the neoplastic lesions, malignant were more frequent [79,27% (88/111)], hemangiosarcoma
being the most common [52,25% (58/111)], that is, the possibility of occurs a malignant neoplasm was about
74% greater than a benign. In summary, it was verified that in 60.71% (136/224) of the cases, they were benign
lesions and, therefore, there would be no indication of splenectomy. FNA techniques and Tru-cut biopsy showed
a low risk of complications. Regarding the diagnostic efficacy, the FNA obtained 71.43% (15/21) of conclusive
diagnoses, 60% (9/15) of which were compatible with the final result of the histopathological evaluation, after
splenectomy (gold standard). The Tru-cut biopsy obtained 71.43% (5/7) of conclusive and 28.57% (2/7) of
inconclusive diagnoses. Among the conclusive, in 100% of the cases the diagnosis was compatible with the gold
standard. In this way, since the possibility of benign splenic lesions in dogs is 1.52 times greater than
malignancies, splenectomy should be recommended as a therapeutic measure only in cases with proven surgical
indication, which can be established after definite microscopic diagnosis and prognosis. The use of FNAB and
Tru-cut biopsy should be recommended, especially for small and focal splenic lesions, since such techniques are
good alternatives for establishing the diagnosis previous to splenectomy, which may reduce the number of
unnecessary splenectomies. The importance of recommending such techniques is emphasized, especially for
dogs with focal splenic lesions smaller than three centimeters.

The study of pigeons interaction with another synantrophic animals and the man facilitates the knowledge about risks and assists to the made of decisions objectifying the control of these synantrophic birds. To the present study, made in the town of Salvador, Bahia, were collected informations about the claims of pigeons presence and rottens sent to the Center of Zoonose’s Control of the Municipal Health Secretary. There addresses of the complaints were geolocalized and the locals were had the biggest concentration of calls would be considered the critic points. Informations about encounters of birds of prey they were obtained in the Wild Animal Triage Center CETAS Chico Mendes/IBAMA-BA and geo-referenced to try to relate the interaction between these animal, as with human population. The diversity of pathogenic agents associated to the pigeons presence in big towns, made relevant a search about the knowledge, perception and practice of population related to these birds, mostly in locals were can be found immunosuppressed individuals, as in hospitals. Interviews were mare trhought a semi-structured questionnaire in a public Hospital of the town to know the perception, knowledge and practices of hospitals users, objectifying understand the relation between the man and the domestic pigeons. Overlapping points of occurrence of pigeons, rodents and birds of prey were observed, as well as between the density of the human population. Were also observed that the population close to the buildings visited by interviwed sees pigeons with more frequency and many of them interact and appreciate these birds, showing that pigeons makes part of the day-by-day of the town. Trhought these results, it would be possible contribute to the improvement of control measures of synantrophic species, since the understanding of the possible involvement of ambient factors and culturals can provide bigger success of these actions. The results expose yet the needy of health comunication measures directed specially to lay population objectifying the access to relevant informations in the prevention of possible diseases associated to pigeons.