Inserted in the South Bahian mesoregional geographic context, the set of municipalities that make up the Valença microregion presents characteristics in its formation and structuring process that interact with rural spatial phenomena common to the mesoregional situation. However, spatial processes and contents also emerge in this region and manifest themselves with a peculiar concentration in relation to other sets. We start from the categorical assumption of space and region to understand the phenomena as the starting point of the research. Thus, we operationalized the study based on methodological frameworks of regional analysis. Although, currently, research for this group generally favors the functional regionalization developed by the government of Bahia, in which it names the regions as Identity Territories, where the region in question is named as Low South Bahia Identity Territory. In this, the territory is understood, as well as its identity as expressions of the structural bases that we propose to analyze here, considering that the dynamism of the agrarian space results in the territorial and identity configuration. The research proposes a structural analysis based on what is established and has been reproducing itself as paradigms for the production and reproduction of agrarian space, considering both the nexuses and the transformative and/or restructuring advents that we call nuances. Committed to the phenomenon, we start from assumptions of regional geography, contextualizing the micro-regional profile with the multiple structuring factors. We operationalized the research through the analysis of secondary data on agricultural production and land structure, in addition to participatory and exploratory field activities. We found that the microregional context interacts with that of the mesoregion with regard to cocoa farming, which stands as a crucial nexus in the context of analysis in South Bahia. However, in the micro-region of Valença, where there is a significant presence of black and small-scale peasantry, cocoa cultivation coexists with other crops. This dynamic is a strategy used by peasants in the face of their fragility in relationships. This dynamism intrinsically configures perennial agricultural subsystems, concentrated in the microregion. The insertion of these subsystems is an initiative of both the public sphere and the corporate sphere of capitalist agriculture. Despite the interaction within the peasant units, the cultures present different market dynamisms. Those with corporate insertion have a vertical dynamic, while those with historical and public institutional insertion face disruption, but are reproduced with vigor on a micro-regional scale due to the solidarity present in the practices of peasant family farming.

This research presents an analysis of the trends that occurred in the morphology of the urban area of the city of Santo Amaro - Bahia, based on the mapping of occupations (in built-up area) in the years 1959, 1976, 1998, 2010 and 2020, in which, by using data from the IBGE demographic censuses, geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques (satellite images, orthophotos and aerial photographs), a set of field activities, it became possible to characterize and describe the occupation process, and its population transformations and space. The city of Santo Amaro has shown, especially in the last 30 years, a gradual and territorial population growth of a predominantly disordered, spontaneous character, with a large contingent of its population living in these subnormal agglomerations. It is concomitant with the period of growth of the municipal urban population, from 1980 onwards, that areas on the outskirts of the city of Santo Amaro have been developed and consolidated, such as the cases of the neighborhoods of Candolândia, to the north of the stain, Caixa D'água, to the northwest, and the community formed by the streets of Caieira and Conde, in the neighborhood of Trapiche de Baixo, located in the southern portion. Areas predominantly characterized by poor infrastructure. From the generated models, it is tolerated having lived and still having the densification and extensive growth of the urban area. The accumulated history registered, between 1959 and 2021, was a 307% increase in the built-up area. The results of this research also proved that currently 68% of the population is concentrated in only 1% of the entire municipal territory.

Watersheds are natural areas considered important for territorial management. The
Pojuca River Basin (BHRP), located in the set of basins in the Recôncavo Norte region,
is considered a great environmental and socioeconomic symbol due to its natural
resources, which enable economic activity and other fundamental activities for society.
The objective of the research is to analyze the dynamics of land use and land cover
during the period from 1985 to 2020, in a period of 5 years, and the possible impacts on
water resources. For this, the basis of the applied methodology is related to the
acquisition of statistical data on the coverage and land use of MapBiomas images
through remote sensing techniques, and for the analysis of the Water Resource, the
delimitation of the APP of the rivers and analysis the average flow of the fluviometric
stations and vulnerability to water shock. For the characterization and understanding of
the observed area, analysis of demographic and socioeconomic data of each
municipality was carried out, in addition, the evolution of the cover classes and land use
of each one of them was supported, in order to understand how to proceed. changes in
these spaces comparing only the initial year (1985) and the final year (2020) of the time
series. In this 35-year space-time evaluation (1985-2020), the advance of the urban area,
forestry and pasture classes, which are currently the greatest threat to the integrity of the
BHRP's natural resources, was observed. Natural cover classes decreased such as
swamps (-24.2%) and forest formations (-6.9%), in addition to other natural covers such
as beach/dune areas (-78.9%) and water bodies (-58.33%). The evolution of the land
cover and use classes in the 22 municipalities of the BHRP and the spatial dynamics in
each one can be seen. use of land as in Aramari-BA, and also by urbanized areas as in
the case of Feira de Santana-BA. Regarding the analyzed Permanent Preservation
Areas, comparing the initial year (1985) with the end (2020) of the historical series,
there was an advance in the classes destined to land use, with emphasis on forestry
(100%), pasture (2%) and urbanized area (1003%). The spatiotemporal evaluation based
on the use of classifications on satellite images made available by the 6.0 collection of
the MapBiomas project, counts as being considerably alert to the threats that the uses of
space represent on the available natural resources.

The teaching of Geography is expressed through various technological languages, such as spatial languages, presented by Remote Sensing and Cartography, which are part of people's daily lives, playing a significant role in locating and orienting citizens in geographical space. The general aim of this work was to create a roadmap of practical activities for teachers to use in basic geography teaching with the help of geotechnologies, developed through a series of practical workshops, carried out with teachers and students from elementary school, in the final years. The work was carried out through workshops and questionnaires for teachers and students from public and private schools in the city of Feira de Santana - Bahia. The results of the research with the teachers showed that the use of geotechnologies is important for teaching and is necessary in schools, especially in basic education, since it contributes significantly to the process of teaching and learning geography, since 100% of the teachers and students surveyed said that it facilitated teaching practices: in the mediation of content, in the problematization of the different spatialities existing in the geographical space, thus contributing to student learning.

From a former cotton and textile manufacturing center in the Itapecuru river valley at the end of the 19th century, the city of Caxias has now become an important node in the urban network of the state of Maranhão, contributing to the supply of goods and services to the population and companies. in its region of immediate urban influence. In recent years, the city of Caxias has become a sub-regional hub for retail trade, as well as offering highly complex health services and higher education to the population of municipalities in its area of influence. The study sought to understand how the city of Caxias participates in the urban network of Maranhão and Brazil, based on its contemporary functional importance and the socioeconomic and spatial dynamics in the region where it is located. To this end, we sought to understand what currently motivates the main interests of private agents, federal and state governments for the installation of projects, infrastructures and services of a regional nature and their main implications for the city. In this sense, we sought to understand the socioeconomic and spatial processes that enabled the functional rise of the city of Caxias in the Maranhão urban network, in the last 20 years, as well as, identify and analyze the functional and spatial growth trends of the city and its process of transformation of status into the small town category.

The present thesis was built in motion, having as its central link the dialogue of knowledge based on concrete actions and monitoring of the work carried out in the territories in actions to combat hunger articulated by the Movimento de Pequenos Agricultores (MPA). This Thesis departs from the central objective - in light of the agrarian and agricultural context found in the Northeast Region, especially - of relating the importance of peasant-based food production and popular supply in times of overcoming hunger and crises in Brazil. Starting from these elements and the crises experienced (sanitary, economic, political, social and food), from the year 2016, we intend to systematize and reflect the resistance of food production in peasant territories from the experiences and practices accumulated by the Movement of Small Farmers (MPA). Knowing that producing food is a political act of resistance against the advance of the industrial food system, we start from the study by reflecting on the correlations of strength and the disputes experienced between the local and the global, the general and the particular, when we refer to the current food crisis. In this process, the MPA plays a tactical role, since, as a reflection and action, it affirms that food sovereignty and popular supply are strategic axes for confronting the inequality of hunger and the autonomy of countries in the face of the permanent reproduction of inequalities aligned by the way of capitalist production. From this statement, from the years 2016 to 2022, from the established crises, collective and organized reactions were consolidated that became territorial experiences that have generated learning and, mainly, territorial food supply, like the Mutirão contra a Fome. With these elements, in this Thesis, in order to dimension the political and symbolic importance of these experiences and the peasant resistance, it will be necessary to locate the contradictions of the agrarian and agricultural context found and current disputes of agribusiness in the current conjuncture and, thus, we will direct our gaze to some dimensions of Matopiba and its disputes within the northeastern countryside with the advance of corporations, to show the size of the advance of capital and the consequences in the imposition of an agricultural pattern that is centered on commodities. Finally, in the pursuit of deepening the outlined objective, we will start from the peasant praxis of production and solidarity of the MPA to articulate the political, economic, social, institutional and productive challenges to face hunger from the strength of Brazilian agrarian capital and the necessary debate on the construction of a National Food Supply Plan that produces food sovereignty and respects the culture of peoples. In this study, we seek to go through, as a method, the historical dialectical materialism that will allow the clarification and not the obfuscation of the phenomenon and essence relationship, without losing sight of the totality of the social being. As methodological procedures, data collection was carried out from the 2017 Agricultural Census, Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM) and Sidra from IBGE, Rede Penssam and Geografar/UFBA, in addition to testimonials carried out via interviews and basic training carried out from the training spaces from the MPA.

In the work, we sought to identify and analyze the main socio-environmental impacts on the Northeast Coast of the state of Bahia, more precisely in coastal locations in the districts of Abrantes and Monte Gordo, in the municipality of Camaçari, after the implementation of the Camaçari Petrochemical Pole and BA-099, events that are catalysts of the urbanization process. In this context, objectives were established to support the construction of the work. The methodology adopted was based on: the survey of bibliographic/documentary information related to the theme and necessary for the theoretical basis of the study; in the collection of spatial and non-spatial secondary data; and in the field work, with the collection of primary data through the application of questionnaires and interviews with residents and agents who work in the localities, a step of great importance to understand the perception of residents regarding the socio-environmental issue. The analysis of data and information showed that the socio-environmental problems in the localities are serious, despite the actions of the residents in minimizing these issues through individual and collective public actions, in view of the great demand not yet solved by the municipal government. At the end of the research, it will be possible to return work to society (social feedback), through the distribution of booklets in local associations and, through these, seek to raise awareness of the population about the socio-environmental impacts generated by urban occupation, as well as to seek to preserve spaces that still remain environmentally little changed in the region.

This dissertation deals with a study carried out to analyze the process of using
and occupation of land in transformation of the landscape, in traditional areas of
quilombola communities in the Marine Resex of Baía do Iguape and its
surroundings. From this work, it watched the existence of a web of factors that
involve agents acting in the transformation of the landscape characteristics of
these areas, in direct correlation with the difficulty of survival of these peoples,
submitted to a precarious reality from the socio-environmental point of view,
such as: difficult access, lack of water and sanitation. It was proved that the
process of landscape modification, based on cartographic products ‒ satellite
images ‒, influenced the reduction of natural resources, in areas of mangroves,
forests, as well as the advancement of agricultural crops, pastures and
expansion of urban areas in a short period of time. The questionnaires applied
to residents and community leaders corroborated the identification of the main
aspects of landscape transformations in these communities. It was concluded
that there is a harmful process of spatial occupation that makes traditional
communities invisible, which, in order to defend their survival, fight to stop the
oppression of the domains of big capital. This fact reveals the effective absence
of the State, an extensive and constant chain of conflicts in the area of Resex
and its surroundings, being urgent the participation of civil society to draw the
attention of state and municipal governments, in favor of the maintenance of
these spaces of life.

The morphometry of the relief, or geomorphometry, consists of the quantitative analysis of relief parameters such as: length of slope, slope, amplitude and length of interfluves. Also included are quantitative analyses of drainage basins and their fluvial channels such as: length, density, hierarchy and shape of the basins. The analyses compose the geomorphological mapping and are applied mainly to characterize the relief as to its morphodynamics and consequently its environmental vulnerability. The present work presents a bibliographical review on the theme, starting with Horton (1945) as the main reference, passing through important authors such as Strahler (1952); Chorley (1958); and Evans (1972). The bibliographical references are augmented by Brazilian authors: RADAM Brasil (1978); Christofoletti (1974); and Ross (1994). The latter is taken as a basis by Lima (2018) to automate a methodology for mapping relief dissection indices that cross-refer to the relief variables mean length of interfluves x depth of valleys. The present work develops a tool for the geographic information system software QGIS to calculate the relief dissection indices from the proposal developed by Lima (2018). For this, the author compares the automation proposals developed by Lima (2018) and Guimarães et al (2017). Through statistical test, area calculation and technical-conceptual analysis the text presents results that differentiate them from each other, highlighting Lima's (2018) proposal as the most faithful to the dissection indexes proposed by Ross (1994). Subsequently, the proposal of Lima (2018) is applied in a stretch that extends from the northern coast to western Bahia with the purpose of analyzing the behavior of the developed methodology in various environments and relief features. Finally, the author presents the automation of the Relief Dissection Indices in two stages. The first step is through the construction of a model in the QGIS processing module that proved to be very efficient in terms of processing time. For the area under test there was a gain of approximately 1h40min. The second step is the presentation of the algorithm in python programming language, from which we obtained the IDROSS94 tool. The tool brought a gain of time and practicality to the process of determining the relief dissection indices. 

In this dissertation, the role of social agents in the production and reproduction of space is addressed, consequently in the construction of urban planning policies, such as the Master Plan, having as object of study the city of Valença - Bahia. The objective of the research was to analyze the popular participation in the construction of planning policies and to identify the perceptions and representations of the residents and how they can contribute to the change of the social reality. The study has as a spatial cutout, Macrozone 2 of the city of Valença - Bahia, and a temporal cutout from the beginning of the elaboration process of the Master Plan of Valença, in 1999, until 2021. In the research process, we tried to find out how the construction of this PDDU took place, with a view to popular participation in its elaboration, and to present a methodology proposal, not as something ready and finished, but as an instructive basis to serve as an example for future participatory policies. The theoretical-conceptual discussion is centered on the concept of geographic space in a historical-dialectical materialism perspective and also starts from a phenomenological inspiration, having the place as a lived space. Throughout the work, these concepts were developed at different times, first presenting the contradictions in space and then moving on to a more subjective context. The experiences, perceptions and representations were analyzed from the interviewed population, bringing to the fore, desires, particularities and pluralities that characterize the city under study. The results obtained show that: there was no effective popular participation in the elaboration of the Master Plan; the interviewees' perceptions about the city of Valença are of desire for change; and the proposed methodology can be used in the Social Mobilization Plan.

This study sought to understand whether the regionalization of health generates spatial justice in the Health Region of Salvador, investigating the Unified Health System (SUS) in two different contexts of Brazilian federalism (localism x regionalism). Spatial justice is a concept that has been built in Brazilian geography in recent decades and prioritizes several elements in the approaches. In this research, the notion of spatial justice prioritizes the territorial logic of equitable distribution of health services, aiming to fill the gap that exists in geography regarding the territorial expression of health. In this way, with localism in health, municipalities assume the leading role in carrying out the management of health policies in their territory, however, it was notable that most Brazilian municipalities do not have adequate resources and infrastructure to offer services of primary care to its population. For this reason, regionalization, a later stage that complements localism, has become a viable strategy for correcting territorial inequalities in health, through the mobilization of collective efforts of the entities involved in the provision of medium and high complexity services (MAC ), the main target of regionalization. However, without losing sight of the complexity of the processes involved in the socio-spatial dialectic of the territorialization of health, it appears that the logic of solidarity present in the SUS guidelines does not always prevail in the distribution of resources, as the asymmetries of power in the municipalities are common. influence the direction of regionalization, generating competition for scarce resources in the Health Region. Thus, the research points out that regionalization in health is a continuous and unfinished process, crossed by the political game of social forces, and their experiences cannot be unique in different territories. In this way, spatial justice becomes an analytical and political horizon that can contribute to the construction of a regionalization that helps to reduce territorial health inequalities.

Institutional Program for Scholarships for Beginner Teachers in Brazil (PIBID - Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência) was created in 2007 as an experimental phase. It was later expanded and consolidated as a federal public policy for initial teacher training, including various areas of knowledge. The program's structure articulates university and elementary school with a focus on valuing and encouraging the degree, contributing to the praxis in the training process, and providing opportunities for different perspectives of university, elementary school, space, and their self. Although it demonstrates significant success in this process, the program has been a constant target of attacks and modernization processes of education, still little discussed and evaluated. Our goal was to investigate the PIBID as a public policy and formative dimension for each subject and their crossings. From the questions about the program's role and importance for teacher training and the person subjectivities? How have the modifications imposed on the program affected its development? To answer them, we looked for the impacts of PIBID on teacher training and the formation of formative experiences of ex-scholarship holders of the Geography subproject. Through a dialectical approach, we started with documental research (re)signifying politically the trajectory of PIBID, analyzing, discussing, and comparing public notices 61/2013 and 07/2018, and student reports from the subproject Geografia do PIBID-UFBA, also included in this period, seeking to identify impacts and changes in the transition of the modernization processes. With the comprehensive-interpretative analysis, we approach the senses and meanings of the formative experiences of ex-scholarship holders in the subproject Geography of PIBID-UFBA to become/be a teacher, using the experience approach of the (auto)biographical method with narratives. Through crossing procedures, we highlight the potential and limitations of PIBID. Throughout the research, we identified that the modernization carried out in 2017 represented an alignment of the program with the liberal education reform in our country. The analysis of the reports of teaching initiation scholarship did not show significant ruptures or discontinuities, demonstrating the dominant rationality in the program, with an emphasis on practice in both calls for proposals. We observe, with former scholarship holders, formative experiences that intersect in our subjectivities, with narratives that show regularities, irregularities, and the surprising to the unexpected in PIBID and life as a whole. We conclude that the multiple dimensions show that we and PIBID are in formation, in the constant coming into being. We must fight for future changes that materialize in PIBID the political dreams of our professional class and contribute to deeper transformative processes in each subject that builds it and, consequently, in the society that integrates us.

The agrarian space in Brazil can be understood through the contradictions, conflicts and all the diversity of productions that are fundamental to understand the new dynamics present in the field. The space for Milton Santos (2012) is an unequal accumulation of times and can be understood by the categories of form, function, structure and process, which, when articulated, can analyze the totality. We used the same categories used by Santos (2012) to understand the transformations that the agrarian space in Brazil has been presenting, using as a cutout the reality observed in the county of Santo Estevão in Bahia. Thus, the objective of the research was to analyze the socio-spatial and economic transformations in the agrarian space of Santo Estevão-BA from Family Agriculture between 1990 to 2021. The analyses were inserted in the contradictions between the land structure and the Family Agriculture of the municipality studied, since the land, income and agricultural production reflect in the survival/permanence strategies of the subjects of the Santo Estevão field. The installation of the shoe factory also constituted an action in the space that changed the forms of work in some communities and the logic of remaining in the field, since it absorbed a portion of the rural workforce, on the other hand, contributed to change the dynamics of family farming and the reproduction of crops.  Regarding the methodological paths taken, the research was carried out in three rural communities where the interviews and the application of the questionnaires were carried out. A fundamental step to build dialogue, proximity and research of the strategies that farmers use to continue their way of life. With the most direct contact with the farmers of the municipality, it was possible to analyze how the land limitation, income and work make up the triad that feeds the poverty scenarios in rural families. The little land that conditions the low agricultural production influences the insertion of family members in activities outside the productive establishments, which, in turn, jeopardizes the reproduction of crops in greater quantity. However, even with the increasing presence of new elements and forms in the studied space, traditional practices of cooperation and work are still reproduced, important elements for the reproduction of family farming.

This paper discusses agricultural systems at Cachoeira-BA, analysing how family agriculture is growing inside agricultural system, historical characterized by mainly for export and slavery system, such as sugar cane and tobacco. Methodologically, agricultural system of production, agricultural activities, rural properties size, incomes (agricultural, extra agriculture and social programs) and types of workforces used were analysed. The present analysis interview, applying semi structural questions to family farmers and communities’ leaders by random cross-section. To reach the intention, a theorical debate from geography space analyse, agricultural space, agricultural systems and defining Family Farming in Brazil. References dates researched by this paper comes from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) in Cachoeira-BA and Recôncavo Baiano in relation to economic dynamics, land distribution and agricultural production developed. Therefore, land concentration and minilanding process have connections with agricultural land occupation, where State privileged the agricultural elite by reason of develop farmland capitalism. The main production identified at analysed farmlands by family farmers were broiler chicken (integrated, independent or partner), manioc association production (selfconsumption and low production) and traditional communities (self-consumption agricultural, fishing, extractivism and communitarian tourism). Family Forming located in Cachoreira-BA multiply socially behave toward subordination, job insecurity, specialized production, difficult to access basic services and public policy. A few cases, principal income or complementary income activities, extra agricultural and social programs. Although, the plurality shows as strategy to stay in farmland. The essay indicated affairs of state are extremely important at public policy strategies formulation and implementation, guarantying social multiplication of Familiar Farming, otherwise suggested contradictions might increase and remain at farmland, endangering Family Farming being.

This dissertation analyzed public policies and socio-spatial segregation in neighborhoods characterized by irregular settlements in the Municipality of Camaçari-BA, located in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador. The spatial scope of the study was the neighborhoods of Nova Vitória and Recanto das Árvores, located in the Urban Zone of Municipal Seat of Camaçari. The study considered respectively: the time when the irregular occupations occurred in the city and the resulting historical records produced from 1950 to 2022. To this end, a methodological approach was established that included a bibliographic/documentary survey and data collected from through interviews with residents of the two neighborhoods. The general objective was to analyze the obstacles in the processes for regularizing property in the Recanto das Árvores neighborhood, thus assuring residents property title and the same urban rights obtained in the Nova Vitória neighborhood. The theoretical and conceptual discussion is centered on the concepts of Geographic/Social Space and Socio-Spatial Segregation, as well as ideas related to Irregular Occupations, Urban Public Policies and Metropolization. Scholars who work on these themes, the documents, and the field work formed the foundation and organized the results and the conclusions of this dissertation. The results obtained reveal differentiated actions of public authorities in each neighborhood, analyzing aspects such as: degree of urbanization, housing standards, social classes of residents, and their location in the city – the centrally located area of Nova Vitória and the peripheral area of Recanto das Árvores. It is concluded that, although the laws governing the Municipality of Camaçari establish social public policies for the benefit of the population, these need to be effectively implemented, and certain measures are necessary so that the government reduces socio-spatial-residential segregation in neighborhoods characterized by irregular settlement in the city of Camaçari-BA.

This work is a reflection, based on a phenomenological perspective, on how is to be a migrant in a situation of refuge from a gaze that seeks to unveil the relationship between the nation-state and the existence, which is crossed by the issues of identity and difference, the self and the other, familiarity and strangeness. The notion of geographicality is important to understand the transformation of the relationship with the homeland, the decision-making to leave, the crossing, the relationship with the place of destination and the new transnational relations. From the dialogue with authors such as Martin Heidegger, Eric Dardel, Eduardo Marandola Júnior and Angelo Serpa, among other important scholars to understand the relationship between phenomenology and Geography, it was necessary to go beyond and seek in interdisciplinarity some explanations for the phenomenon studied. Thus, authors from the fields of philosophy, sociology, anthropology, law, psychoanalysis, among other areas, proved necessary in this dialogue throughout the research and writing process. The analysis of the theme occurs mainly from the life stories told in interviews conducted in the field research in the cities of São Paulo and Salvador. After the covid-19 pandemic it was inserted some analyses based on projects carried out by the Immigration Museum of São Paulo, which kindly provided material for this research, in addition to other projects that had their material made available on digital social networks. As some of the results obtained and reflections carried out, it is possible to mention that an important aspect observed was the need to rethink not only the definition, but also the use of the term refugee with people who perceive themselves as stigmatized by the continuous reference to the term in their daily lives. It was also necessary to make an analysis between the decision to leave and fear as an affection that is felt on the scale of the body and its motivations, ranging from the family scale to the national one, such as fear of state institutions. Another issue that arose was the experience of crossing the boundaries of borders and the fact that the border follows the migrant in a situation of refuge wherever s/he goes, from a transience that manifests itself as different forms of borders in the relations of identity and otherness along his trajectory. Finally, the reflections brought up questions ranging from the first contact with unknown people and with host institutions, which often come to define their trajectories, through the relationship with the Portuguese language, the issues related to the document, which reveal themselves as accesses and barriers, including for documented people and, finally, the cracks that open, especially in family relationships, and the bridges that are being built throughout the process of familiarization at the place of destination.

The extractive reserves reflect a power shift in the spatial organization of the conservation territory, based on the social conflict of rubber tappers. In fact, the transformation caused       by the institutionalization of the first Brazilian forest RESEX^[1] produced a significant movement for Brazilian environmental policy, the creation of the National System of Nature Conservation Units – SNUC, Law 9,985/2000. The model created and demanded by extractive populations has expanded to different parts of the country, as well as to marine and coastal environments. Despite these achievements expressing how important the institutionalization of the RESEX territory was for the social struggle, especially for the populations of the traditional matrix, the Brazilian RESEX model directly clashes and at the same time contrasts the structure and organization of the Brazilian Territorial State. In Brazil, the land issue has never been resolved, as it produces very serious territorial conflicts that affect natural spaces. Nature has been constantly appropriated by private capital, since the rationality of the capitalist mode of production is based on the indiscriminate exploitation of nature's elements/resources. In the case of the marine RESEX, especially the RESEX of Canavieiras, Bahia, where this study is based, the conflict is established not only because different social groups establish different relationships over the same territory, that of the RESEX, but because the State is often omitted and corroborates with actions produced by private capital. Although the State has, as an obligation and as a principle, the duty to meet the needs and desires of all citizens without distinction, it is known that, in practice, it follows the structural logic of providing financial resources for hegemonic groups, in many cases, their business partners. In Brazil, this type of practice produced by the State is quite common in spaces of nature, which has generated tensions and territorial conflicts at the cost of the impoverishment of the poorest. Not different in the territory of the RESEX of Canavieiras, tension and conflicts are due to the expansion of shrimp farming, the presence of latifundia, the monoculture of eucalyptus, the incentives for industrial projects by the State and the overlapping of areas, that is, different types of conservation units occupying the same territory. These are conflicts that go against the objectives of a marine RESEX. Although the RESEX model is inert, as the territory is dynamic, the RESEX is indeed an important political space for extractive populations. The Brazilian State is increasingly precarious for environmental public policies, but still maintains the centralization and regulation of power over conservation territories. Even though the State has relegated the environmental agenda and at all times disqualifies the social achievements of the populations of traditional matrix, the RESEX of Canavieiras remains in the vanguard, exercising utopia through the desire for autonomy, but without losing access to public policies produced by the Brazilian State. They are new ways of managing and organizing the territory, but they are also new ways of (re)existing and rethinking the RESEX model from the lens, the attentive and everyday look of its users. It is the freedom to organize the territory beyond the control and limits of the State. After all, only hope builds the strong.

This research presents an analysis of changes in land cover and land use as of the construction of the Metropolitan Road, by mapping in the years 2009, 2017, 2018 and 2020, at a scale of 1:50.000, in Lauro de Freitas, Salvador and Camaçari, in the State of Bahia. Seven classes of level I of land cover and land use, thirteen level II, and twenty-six level III were identified and mapped through Remote Sensing data and digital image processing techniques, including visual interpretation of orthophotos and supervised classification of satellite images, as well as fieldwork. Regarding the changes, the land cover and land use classes of level I stand out the expansion of urbanized areas and cultivated land, and also the reduction of areas with forestry and pioneer formation. Based on the analysis inside and outside the buffer area of 500 meters on each side of the road, the forest formation class has a greater proportion in the internal area, and the urbanized area class has a smaller area throughout the analyzed period, illustrating a slower pace in the reduction of the forest formation class and in the expansion of the urbanized area class within the buffer area. In the buffer circles with a radius of 500 meters, it was statistically identified that there was a difference between the patterns of increase of urbanized area class for the circles where the Metropolitan Road did and did not intersect with other roads. Moreover, there was no difference regarding the forest formation and cultivated area classes, demonstrating the importance of mobility provided by intersections between roads for the increase of urbanized areas. Comparing the surface temperature estimate and the land cover and land use, the increases occurred in areas where the urban area class underwent expansions over the analyzed period. In the analysis of land cover and land use with the permanent preservation areas of springs and watercourses, there was an advance over urban area, cultivated area, exposed soil and mining area classes. Based on the landscape metrics, the fragmentation and reduction of the class of forest and pioneer formation was confirmed after the construction of the road. After verifying federal and state laws, decrees, resolutions, and even the master plan for municipal or urban development, it was noted that there are many legal apparatuses to be applied in the territory for ordering, planning, management, and preservation of environmental resources. However, many of these instruments are sometimes not integrated and at the municipal level there is a stimulus for urban expansion. The result of this research reveals a diagnosis of the transformations through an 11-year period along the Metropolitan Road considering the natural resources in the municipalities, especially in areas of permanent preservation which can and should be used in territorial and environmental planning, in order to assist future development and conservation projects.

In this thesis we analyse the socio-spatial forms of the agribusiness contemporary
expansion in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, and its arising conflicts, with the aim to
understand the continuities and ruptures caused by the restructuring of the sector in the
last decades. Using the analytic tools of Latin American Political Ecology, we place the
current water conflicts in the Chapada as an update of the historical ways trough which
people and extra-human nature have been produced as colonial objects of conquest. We
understand the dynamics of capital expansion in the countryside within the frame of
accumulation by displacement. These dynamics, besides expelling people from their living
spaces, are based on the accumulation of surplus labour value and surplus nature that
short-circuit the reproductive cycles of life. We also wonder about the specific nature of
this expansion in the current context of the neoliberalization of nature, pointing out two
aspects: financialization and rentierism. In both of them we are able to identify continuities
from previous periods, like the providing of public subsidized credit for agribusiness. In
addition, we also find new elements, as the diversity of strategies for the appropriation of
the rent of land developed by the sector - analysed from two geographic dimensions based
on territory and networks- in various economic sectors and different positions in agro-food
production networks. Next, we analyse the dynamics of sense productions related to this
process of expansion and its conflicts. For this, we use the frame of the critical Cultural
Political Economy and the dialectic between justification and critique inherent to
socioeconomic processes. Both approaches are used regarding the incompleteness of the
capital-relation, with the purpose of complementing our analysis considering the ways
through which the agribusiness tries to absorb the critiques directed to it and justify its own
activities. Finally, we deal with the transit from government to governance, so praised in
literature, as a continuity of the ways of political domination, even though it also brought
transformations. We consider the ways through which the sector continues to exercise
state power throughout the water and environmental governance systems. In this way, we
try to enrich our understanding of the hegemonic power of agribusiness to the same extent
that its expansion is assumed as a state strategic project.

In the last decade, numerous literary soirees emerged in the cultural scene of Salvador City; these soirees, which have been spreading throughout the city, are organized, in their majority, by black, poor and peripheral youth, who took the the soiree as a form of political mobilization and self-organization based on libertarian principles: self-management, autonomy, mutual aid, and horizontality. In this context, based on the principle that collectives and cultural manifestations have been a very fruitful laboratory for experimenting new ways of operating politics (GHON, 2016), this thesis aims to discuss the insurgent spatial practices of youth, focusing on two collectives, Bairro da Paz Vive – BDP and Juventude Ativista de Cajazeiras – JACA, which, in turn, organize the soirees in two popular neighborhoods of the Bahian capital, respectively: Bairro da Paz and Cajazeiras, seeking to answer the following questions: how are libertarian principles constructed and operationalized in the researched collectives? How did geographic science relate, or how does it relate to libertarian thought? How do the insurgent spatial practices of these young people reverberate in geographic space? Who are these young people and how do they represent (live, perceive and experience) youth? What is the amplitude of the sociability networks that are woven in the soirees and what is the scale of action of these collectives? In the end, we found that the soiree plays a powerful role in/for the construction of sociability networks for young people in the city: it is the crossroads (ROSÁRIO, 2019), the place for meeting, learning, doing, debating, building, and operating politics. The soiree is the node in the network of relationships that are woven in the political and cultural scene in Salvador; it is the space for the production of youth autonomy, where young people are experiencing and building another way of being a poor and peripheral young black person, in Salvador City.

School Geography often presents a dichotomy between Physical and Human Geography, lacking contemporary themes focused on inclusion and diversity. We consider school inclusion more than deficiencies. We include aspects that are often reasons for segregation and reproduction of prejudices in the classroom, such as socioeconomic, cultural, ethnic, racial, gender, sexual and religious orientation. Although there is legislation to regulate these themes' insertion, the initial teacher education still lacks theoretical debate and practical application; such a situation could be the social imposition of the normality and absence of debates about these themes. Thus, our goal is to understand how inclusion and diversity appear in Geography's initial formation, scientific production, and teaching practice in School Geography. To understand the initial teacher formation in Geography in Bahia, we started by analyzing the undergraduate course structure, considering the current legislation about inclusion and diversity. We analyzed the publications about inclusion and diversity in School Geography in scientific journals dedicated to Geography and Teaching to observe the scientific production. The teaching practice started from the Critical Physical Geography (GFC) approach as pedagogical possibilities to overcome the dichotomy in Geography with the development of didactic resources related to the students' context, considering their cultural, social, and possible specificities. Therefore, starting from the Salvador reality (Bahia), which has almost half of the population living in areas at risk of landslides or floods, we chose the concept of "risk" as the central theme. The undergraduate course structures in Bahia are insufficient to teaching about diversity and inclusion. The specific academic publications about these themes have little expressivity when compared to other thematic. There is a propensity to choose some disability and specific Geography areas when researching these subjects. Besides, the School Geography teaching is dichotomic and disconnected from the student's reality. The GFC works how a strategy for the re-signification of pedagogical choices capable of promoting diversity, recognizing, and valuing the specificities of each school context, as well as the origins of its students, enabling the development of the subject's autonomy and critical perspective of the student with the space in which he finds himself. In this sense, the GFC approach helps create an integration of physical and human aspects in Geography and understand students' realities, empowering them. Finally, we realize that an integrated and inclusive approach must occur in teacher praxis, in primary and higher education, to a more equitable society. Geography's role must assume due to its position of science that studies space and the relationships that develop in it.

The free market, also called traditional street fair, is a fair with specific characteristics, because it is an event that takes place in a public space with a certain periodicity and the main goods are food scalar local and / or regional dimension. n this dissertation, we chose the municipality of São Felipe-BA, located in the Recôncavo Identity Territory as a spatial cutout, and the general objective of this research is to understand the spatial dynamics of production, distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption in the open market in the municipality of São Felipe and how these dynamics and attending the fair guarantee the social reproduction of farmers' families. o this end, a qualitative-quantitative research was adopted with the following methodological procedures: scientometric analysis, photographic records, documentary and statistical data; application of interviews, questionnaires; informal conversations; use of field diary and non-participant observations in locus; the data were systematized and treated by content analysis. Examined from the categories of geographic space and place, with Prof. Milton Santos, FLSF showed that between different flows there are dynamics created by objects and actions, which offers latent possibilities and pre-existing opportunities. The São Felipe open market is a space and place that has traces of rural sociability and its socio-spatial configuration runs through personal relationships, although the marketers revealed that the main motivation was to complement the income. It is a representation that São Felipense society makes of itself with the centrality of life, with its existence and r-existence. From day to day when “building the tents” there is a game of planning and actions giving rise to dynamics that combine existences, resistances, rationalities and counter-rationalities under the logic of capital differentiated in daily life, bringing together and giving meaning to the activities of individuals in society, while guaranteeing the social reproduction of these families.

This research aims to understand the socio-spatial dynamics of a traditional subcenter of Salvador, historically dedicated to tertiary activities, whose constitution has as a factor construction of the train station in 1960, which made the neighborhood a point of confluence between people and goods from different cities and even from outside Bahia. The neighborhood of Calçada became an agglomeration space for informal workers, with a network of stores, wholesalers and hotels (motels), and a mass of consumers from, mostly from Cidade Baixa and Subúrbio Ferroviário. As a tertiary subcenter, in it, the dialectic between the two circuits of urban economy is exacerbated, dissipating the fabric tertiary and reaching other adjacent neighborhoods. The follow-up stitches that sew this fabric are the wholesalers and the street tertiary. Imbricated with the subcenter, it constitutes a neighborhood popular, place of everyday life of a population whose citizenship is mutilated by a model of economic development, to the detriment of a civic model, in which the citizen becomes being a consumer, subject to the determination of the logic of consumption. The choice of theme is due to the peculiarity of the sidewalk being a junction between clusters of important neighborhoods of the city, in addition to its urbanization and centralization process, triggered by the socioeconomic and spatial transformations that have taken place since the 19th century, concurrently with the process of occupation and spatial or territorial redistribution of the Cidade cluster Low. Thus, through the dialectical method, it was possible to understand the contradictions present in the Calçada space and in the cluster of neighborhoods of which it is a member, as well as its articulation with the city. Therefore, a study of the socio-spatial dynamics was undertaken. in this research, the concept of space being a fundamental instance for understanding the job offer. Methodologically, data were consulted government, documentary research, field surveys with workers, residents, consumers and bystanders, in order to subsidize production and argumentation, providing theoretical-methodological basis for the conclusion of this work.

Faced with the neoliberal socioeconomic model established in Chile, the last four decades have been crucial for the development of neoliberalism. A simple economy of extracting resources for export is presented, including aquaculture. Especially salmon farming at first and mussel farming later (mytilid or locally called chorito) are located in the Los Lagos Region, particularly in the Chiloé archipelago. This last activity has been little studied in the social sciences, focusing on salmon farming. But, like any extensive mono producer activity that is involved with capital, mitiliculture also produces transformations in local dynamics and territorial tensions derived from work and the use of the sea. Thus, through the analysis of the capitalist world system and theories of political ecology, we investigated how capital accumulation happens in this aquaculture activity and what are the territorial tensions arising from the production of nature affect marine ecosystems and social dynamics, thus affecting the population. from Chiloé. It is noted that, in the context of unequal geopolitics, center-periphery, and internal colonialism in a territory with cultural and historical specificities, the neoliberal State fulfills the maintenance and concreteness of the project of society and territory that capital boasts.

This Thesis presents a discussion about the complexity of the Landscape concept and its relation to land use and land cover (UCT) around the Todos-os-Santos Bay (BTS), in the state of Bahia, Brazil. In this Thesis, it is argued that, the Landscape is materialized through natural and man-made forms and processes which are organized in a complex and inseparable set over a given historical series. The main question of this research is: - How do the aspects (processes, dynamics, relationships and complexities) involved in the characterization of the Landscape influence the differentiation and evolution of the Landscape around the BTS? To answer this question, it was defined as a general objective: to analyze the evolution processes of the Landscape and their respective trends from the modeling of land use and land cover scenarios in the areas surrounding BTS. Previous research, carried out on the UCT around the BTS, discussed changes on a multitemporal scale, in an observable period year by year; however, this study proposes an extension of the observed period, considering 1985 until 2018 and associating trends (2018 to 2055), based on statistical modeling and analysis. For that, it was necessary to appropriate Remote Sensing (SR), Digital Image Processing (PDI) and Modeling UCT scenarios. Data from Collection 4.1 of the Mapbiomas.org project were used; images from the LANDSAT series of the TOA collection of the Google Earth Engine Platform (GEE); vector data (exploratory variables) from and from IBGE. As a GIS, SR and PDI environment, free software (QGIS) with extensions and statistical algorithms was used, for simulations and predictions, Models based on Cellular Automaton (CA) were used with Spatial Modeling. Initially, the acquired data was organized into a Database, which was used in two ways: the first, in the SR and PDI and the second for the modeling of trends. The main classes of UCT worked both and the second with Modeling. The main classes of UCT worked were: Forest Formations; Savanic Formation; Mangrove; Other non-forest formations; Pasture; Beach and Dune; Urban infrastructure; Other non-vegetated areas; Mining; Apicum e Mosaico Agriculture and Pasture. This relationship became very clear when dealing with economic activities such as agriculture and livestock in relation to natural cover by forest formations in the area. The biggest losses occurred for the Forest Formations, the biggest gains occurred for the pasture áreas. The trends for the year 2055 pointed to a continuity of losses, mainly from Forest Formations, a considerable increase in pastures and a growth also for associated ecosystems such as Mangroves, whereas Urban Infrastructure showed a more intense growth speed. In view of the results and discussions, we propose some recommendations which highlight the development of public policies related to the conservation and preservation of sensitive areas and the participation of communities as agents of multiplication and inspection of policies for the preservation and conservation of natural resources and sensitive áreas. We also propose the continuation of studies related to the UCT in the area with suggested topics for possible research in order to maintain studies and monitoring in the study area.

Our investigation focuses on individuals with chronic pain, under the framework of two diseases,
rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia: the first appears as an affection of physical-organic basis,
while the second does not present in its etiology any organic substrate and its diagnosis is given
simply by exclusion of other diseases, since there is no clinical examination that can point out the
prevalence of fibromyalgia. In this disease, how to understand pain? For us it is the existential
meaning of the "meaninglessness of the world". We must say that, to understand this invisible
pain, we resort to Freudian writings, when the symptom emerges from unconscious psychic
dynamics. However, the absolutization of pain taking over the whole body indicates something
else: it reveals to us an abortion of the desire to be - the nullification of the body by pain glares at
the nullification by the desire to be in the world, and this is the idea of the "meaninglessness of
the world." It is precisely in this sphere that a geographical analysis becomes pertinent. We start
from the mutual constitution that prevails between subject and place, from their complicity of
being, as Dardel points out. We will show how being articulates itself in its innermost with space,
how this relationship between subject and place marks our way of being. Our thesis is that if
chronic pain (especially in cases of fibromyalgia) is an undermining of the relation of being in the
world and, at the same time, the fruit of the abortion of the world by the individual annulled in his
desire to be, the experience of such or such a place can constitute a bascule point for a re-linking
of the relation between subject and world. If space emerges as an element that coexists in our
subjectivity in the wake of geography – following the phenomenological foundation of Humanistic
Geography – the creation of new experiences of the world from places can reach the core of
being, I mean, the desire to be, rekindling it. In the analysis of our empirical cases we will see the
being recovering from the laments of the chronicity of pain for place. Indeed, it is surprising.

This thesis is a study of the mismatches of the project undertaken by the extinct OSCIP
PANGEA - Center for Socioenvironmental Studies - with Cata Bahia Network (CBN), for the
institution of an innovative process in the recycling segment in the state: converting three of its
twenty cooperatives in units that functioned as small industrial plants for the transformation of
plastic and cardboard into two consumer goods: boxes and bottles. However, the project was
not successful, and two elements that caused this failure caught our attention: the small number
of recyclable materials that arrived at the pilot cooperative in Salvador, which were unable to
make the machines work at an “industrial pace”, and the lack of infrastructure of these
cooperatives to receive the equipment. To understand this geoeconomic process, Karl Marx's
dialectical historical materialism was used as a method, operationalizing the examination of the
RCB project in the light of four categories: contradiction, as a criticism of the project's
planning and proposal for its overcoming and continuity; the analysis regarding the objective
reality of the machinery and the technological model that were not by the productive capacity
of the Network; the concrete totality, or the lack thereof, through the parts of the project not
being considered as a whole; and the need for a new geographical and technological
mediation process that would celebrate the objective reality and the concrete totality of both
the place and the technological model chosen to act in this category. For the analysis of the
narrated context, the examination of the "desire" of this undertaking to work through a process
of territorialization of the Network was set aside, that is, its spatialization in the territory of
the state, presided over by a process of territorial governance based on the horizontality as
the Network was constituted; and, as these objectives were not achieved, we started to work
with the “reality” left by this process, using the place category as a new planning instrument,
both for the CBN and for the highlighted activity. To this particular dynamics of the recyclables
market in a respective place, he interpreted it as a lócus economicus, a reading of the following
process: instead of worrying about planning for the territory, which, economically, would result
in the elaboration of products already saturated in this market, as in the case of the CBN, when
changing the category territory for the place, this locus would be constituted by the synergy
between the sociability present in the demands of a relative community and the offer that the
cooperatives of this sector of the economy have to bring to it in the face of equipment, or
technological model, that meets such needs in light of its productive condition. This, in turn,
would converge in the development of a Distinct Space, a theoretical-conceptual conception
that differentiates the organization of the recycling sector in the state by other companies in the
field, given the characteristics that this process brings with it: it’s social relations, economic,
environmental and technological “localized”, the result of what has been called geographical
and technological mediation.

The investigation of reality based on theoretical and practical approaches to spatial justice in the Latin American context implies a critical analysis of two fundamental paradigms, distribution and recognition, based on processes that imply equity, participation and social inclusion. Based on these assumptions, the present research aims to analyze public housing policies in the cross-border urban continuum of Letícia in Colombia and Tabatinga in Brazil, establishing comparisons between the housing programs Manguare (Letícia) and Vila Verde (Tabatinga) in three dimensions: politically- institutional, spatial and social. Among the methodological processes used, qualitative research with the application of interviews and questionnaires as well as the use of Geospatial tools was valued. The results allowed us to understand that the spatial justice in this cross-border urban space is totally dynamic, situational, sensitive to differences and attentive to the processes that give rise to certain spatial configurations.

The classification of land in the utility system of use capacity can contribute to environmental studies, for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes, mainly as support to the most appropriate planning of use and occupation, benefiting the use of land resources, minimizing the risks of degradation and / or depletion. In this sense, the development of activities in extremely fragile areas, such as coastal areas, gives rise to land use conflicts due to activities incompatible with the land use capacity. Thus, the central hypothesis of the work, which relates to the scenario that is desired, that knowing the land use capacity, and adapting the uses to the capacity or modifying them through measures of greater protection or environmental control, can be ensure greater productivity of the activities developed in the study area and reduce the negative impacts of land use and occupation in that region. The objective of this research was to analyze the capacity and conflicts of current land use and coverage in the APA Litoral Norte of the State of Bahia-Brazil, between the Pojuca and Imbassaí rivers. To achieve this work, an integrated study of the landscape was carried out, in addition to the analysis of the attributes of the soil and terrain of the study area, such as effective depth, texture, permeability, erosion and slope that allowed the classification and mapping of lands in the Use Capacity System, as well as the identification of areas of conflict of use and current land cover. A synthesis table was developed to understand the spatial occurrence of activities compatible or incompatible with the land use capacity. From the mapping of land use capacity, it was possible to identify the following classes of land use capacity. Class III lands with permanent limitations and / or risk of severe degradation for intensive agricultural use; they are arable land, but have complex conservation problems; IV: land with permanent limitations and / or risk of degradation to a very severe degree if used for intensive cultivation; VI: Land with permanent limitations and / or risk of severe degradation, which means that it can be used only for pasture and / or reforestation; VII: Land with permanent limitations and / or risk of degradation to a very severe degree, even when used for pasture and / or reforestation, which must, in this case, be handled with extreme care; VIII: Land unsuitable for crops, pasture or reforestation, therefore, it should be destined to the shelter and protection of wild fauna and flora, to protected recreation environments. The interpretation of the results made it possible to confirm that 59.71% of the land in the study area has conflicts of use due to incompatible overutilization activities. The proposals raised in this research aim to define strategies of use and management that lead to the solution of the identified conflicts, for a harmonious development of local activities and for the preservation of the resources of the land, allowing to guide the management plans based on the potentialities and limitations offered by the soils in the study area.

Tourism is one of the most profitable economic sectors in the world, an economic activity that
exposes and uses natural and human resources, often generating negative environmental
impacts, therefore, it is necessary that it be understood and structured through grounded
environmental planning practices, on a systemic and sustainable vision. The objective of this
research was to design a tourist plan for the São Bartolomeu Park, located in the Municipality
of Salvador, State of Bahia. For this, it was necessary to assess the tourist potential and
identify the landscape units to then present proposals for actions and interventions that could
guide sustainable tourism in the Park. In his theoretical-methodological path, the researcher
used Landscape as a category of analysis of Geography, applied Landscape Geoecology as a
theoretical-methodological approach, used Environmental Modeling as a scientific procedure, studied Tourism as an economic activity that uses the landscape, discussed the Conservation
Unit as a territory created for the conservation / preservation of the natural heritage and for
the implementation of tourism, he selected the Urban Park as a category of management of
the conservation unit and chose the São Bartolomeu Park as a spatial feature. The tourist
potential was evaluated based on qualitative and quantitative modeling using the IAPI Method
(Indicators of Attractiveness of Interpretative Points), which made it possible to quantify the
attractiveness potential of the tourist points through the evaluation of the landscape elements
present, enabling the scoring of the tourist attractiveness of each interpretive site. The
environmental modeling contributed to the structural and functional analysis of the 87
landscape units of the São Bartolomeu Park, which are divided into four typological groups:
15 tops of convex reliefs, 58 steep slopes, 13 fluvial plains and 1 fluvial-marine plain. The
design of proposals for actions and interventions that guide sustainable tourism in the Park
took into account the integrative aspects of tourism planning, the environmental resources of
tourism and the current condition of trails and interpretive sites. The landscape units identified
in Parque São Bartolomeu are represented on the map of Geoecological Units and Functional
Structure. The tourist potential is represented on the Map of Tourist Potential by
Attractiveness of Interpretive Sites. The proposed actions for tourism management are
presented in three tables: that of proposed actions for the integrative aspects of tourism
planning; the actions proposed related to environmental tourism resources; and that of
proposed interventions for the trail system. It was found that tourism planning based on
environmental modeling, integrated into the study of the landscape, can contribute to the
adequate management of tourism in urban parks, since it allows both the tourist- environmental diagnosis and a prognosis of actions necessary for the improvement of
environmental quality and of the tourist experience. It is hoped that the present study will
serve as a reference for planning and management activities of urban parks and other
categories of management of Conservation Units.

This research aims to analyze the expansion of energy generated by the wind source in Brazil and its contributions to the socio-spatial development of the semiarid region of Bahia. Brazil has high wind potential and an excellent capacity factor, which, associated with public policies created by the Brazilian government, allowed the installation of wind farms and the implantation of equipment industries linked to the sector. The greatest potential and the greatest generation of energy from the wind source are found in the Northeast region of the country, mainly in its semi-arid portion. The largest wind energy producers in the country are the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceará and Rio Grande do Sul. From a methodological point of view, this is a qualitative / quantitative research in which bibliographic research, observation in loco, photographic record, interviews, technical visits guided by representatives of the companies and meetings with communities affected by the enterprise. For the accomplishment of this work, an analysis model was elaborated, from which all the investigation work, reasoning and analysis of data and information was developed. The analysis of political-institutional, spatial and socioeconomic conditions took place from the performance of public and private agents with a view to elucidating the socio-spatial transformations produced in the spaces of the municipalities chosen for this study: Caetité, Guanambi, Igaporã and Pindaí, that comprise the Serra do Espinhaço region, considered to have high wind potential in the State of Bahia. The research showed that the municipalities investigated underwent major changes in the economic, political, socio-cultural and spatial dimensions. The main economic benefits of implementing wind farms in the semi-arid region of Bahia are improvements in roads, economic dynamics installed in the municipalities, job creation, monthly financial gains with the leasing of properties where the towers are located, indemnities for lands due to the works of the parks and the passage of transmission lines, the possibility of reconciling agricultural production with wind generation and the commercial appreciation of land. The results obtained revealed that there were relations of domination through the promises and the power of “convincing” the consultancies, the abusive lease agreements that are extremely favorable to the companies, the impacts caused to the environment, the neglect of the companies in relation to the measures of social and environmental mitigation and compensation, the lack of social participation of impacted communities and land grabbing. The main socio-environmental impacts pointed out by the communities during the implementation phase of the wind farms were: dust and deforestation; and in the operation phase: noise from wind turbines, visual pollution, decreased water from springs, soil erosion and chasing away animals. Economic growth was evidenced by the increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the increase in tax collections and the improvement of socioeconomic indicators in the period analyzed, but we cannot say that this resulted in socio-spatial development, as it has not yet been sufficient to reduce social inequalities and ensure fairer conditions for the majority of the population of these municipalities. Socio-spatial development involves multidimensional aspects and requires better living conditions for all and lesser social distortions.

The present study analyzes the use that residents of Novos Alagados-Salvador / Ba establish with this location through autonomous work, starting in the 2000s, in the context of recent transformations in the world of work. To this end, it was briefly discussed how the Brazilian urbanization process took place, as well as its particularities in the insertion of the industrialization process, the main characteristics of the labor market and the repercussion of these phenomena in the lives of workers. The study also analyzes some characteristics of Brazil's economic and social formation, such as social inequality and the historic precariousness of work. In this context, the insertion of Salvador in industrial modernization, the characteristics present in its socio-spatial formation and the consequences of this process in its intra-urban space. The empirical phase, in turn, consists of a characterization of the study area and the labor aspects present in this neighborhood. Through theoretical discussion and empirical research, some of the intended results were achieved, such as, for example, the types of autonomous work that predominate in Novos Alagados and the transformations resulting from the current moment of capitalist production, with the theoreticalmethodological perspective as the critical theory.

This research aims to analyse the dynamics of the political economy of the urban space from
the relationship between landscape and consumption focusing on the urban interventions
implemented by the mayor Antônio Carlos Magalhães Neto (ACM NETO) between the years
of 2013 and 2017 in the Barra district. The goal was to understand how the actions and political
practices implemented during the Mayor administration is connected with an economic project
of urban intervention, highlighting the formation of an urban space destined to
consumption. This work interacts with several interdisciplinary elements, and it is built on a
Lefebvriana and Marixana interpretation of the practices and policies of the urban interference
on the coastline of the city of Salvador.Furthermore, it was required a historical, socioeconomic
and geographical narrative that involved the transformation of the landscape in regard to the
criticism of the political economy of urban space and its relationship with the economic totality.
Essentially, it was intended to construct a qualitative-quantitative investigative research,
contextualizing the economic reality of the city of Salvador from 2003 to 2017, to establish a
constant dialogue between ACM NETO's urban intervention policies (2013-2017) on the
coastline of Barra district and the economic motivation that has been exposed in its core.

The aim of this research was studying the territorialization of agroecology in the state of Bahia, based on the agroecological transition experience developed by CETA Movement's Dois Riachões Settlement and the strategy of recreating peasant culture among the Povos da Mata Agroecological Network. We started from the theoretical assumption that the Agrarian Question in capitalism is based on the uneven, combined and contradictory development. Organized in three chapters, the study searched for elements that add to the justification that agroecology is a class-building process, developed by the lifestyle of peasants and many others, facing the problems generated by the territorialization of capitalism in the countryside, especially agrochemical corporations. We investigated the capacity of resistance/reestablishment of the peasantry class from the development of political and economical strategies, in face of the adversities imposed by the monopolization of peasant territory by capital. This is the case of the Two Riachões Settlement and its quest for autonomy with the creation of the Povos da Mata Agroecology Network 

This dissertation deals with the following theme: uses and appropriations in the public space
nowadays, with Praça Arthur Lago and Madeireira Brotas in the Pernambués neighborhood
in Salvador/BA as study space cutouts. The main objective is to analyze, identify and map
the uses and appropriations found in the public spaces studied. The specific objectives are:
analyze how people use and appropriate these public spaces; assess the relevance of these
spaces in the context of the neighborhood and identify, through mapping, the changes in uses
identified in the day and night shifts. The methodology used to carry out this work was a set
of actions that resulted in the mapping of the uses that people make of the studied public
spaces and the changes in these uses in the transition between the day and night periods. This
set of actions refers to a systematic field research; field book generation; recording of
observations, interviews and conversations (informal, without the use of questionnaires or
tape recorders) with people who use the public spaces studied; creation of a geospatial
database; mapping, quantifying and qualifying the types of uses found in the field and
generating thematic maps identifying the changes found in the day and night shifts.
Madeireira Brotas and Praça Arthur Lago were chosen because they are important public
spaces, references in the historical and symbolic construction of the neighborhood, because
they have an intense street commerce and different uses and appropriations among the people
who occupy these spaces. Spaces where there is a redefinition of social actions and practices
and the construction of territorialities. The central theoretical framework of this research is
focused on the discussion of public space, with thematic axes on: the neighborhood as a
category of analysis; the relationship between the public space and the city; the issue of uses
and appropriations practiced in the neighborhood context; and the territorialities identified
in the public spaces in question. The results found were a diversity of uses and appropriations
of informal trade, with emphasis on the sectors of food and beverage identified and mapped
in the day and night shifts; Different territorialities were identified in the two public spaces
studied through the observation of the pattern of uses that people make when passing shifts
(day/night). It was also found that Pernambués has a strong African influence from the
quilombola groups that inhabited the neighborhood shortly before the 1960s; it is a
heterogeneous neighborhood with two very distinct socioeconomic profiles, spatially
differentiated between the west and east portions, where there are, respectively, families with
better, worse purchasing power.

In the context of the planetary environmental crisis, issues arouse scientific debates and become a field of interest in geographic science. Desertification is one of the worst tragedies arising in the Semiarid tropic, because a network of processes and elements intact to cause it and spread the effects in space and time. The imbalance of the climate-soil-plant relationship brings about a set of problems of physical, biological and social nature, such as accelerated erosion, plant biodiversity loss and decrease in agricultural productivity. Therefore, the category of landscape analysis is crucial to the study on desertification because it enables an interactive approach of the elements that compose it and of the issues that are evident in the different scales. The understanding of the factors involved and the techniques of environmental analysis on desertification are issues lacking answers, which make geographers (re)think about the subjects of social and academic interest. The use of indicators leads to a comprehensive investigation regarding the degradation of dry lands, such as land use and cover, landscape metrics, vegetation index and erosion. They make it possible to observe the imbalances of the climate-soil-plant relationship and, therefore, to plan discussions concerning the physical, biological and social elements of the landscape. Therefore, through this study, our objective was to analyze the desertification process to develop ways of mapping desertification nuclei in an advanced stage of environmental degradation, based on soil conditions, plant features, agricultural and animal production and others. The town of Canudos in Bahia State was set as a spatial unit of study based on data related to environmental vulnerability and water poverty index used in the context of the area susceptible to desertification in Bahia. Geoprocessing was applied to produce data related to land use and coverage in the period from 1970 to 2010; to the landscape metrics, based on landscape ecology in the period from 1977 to 2017; to the vegetation index, evaluated in the dry and rainy period of the years 2001 to 2016; to the mapping of erosion; to environmental modellings of susceptibility, vulnerability and severity of desertification. The discussion of the products was expanded by means of field information from the survey of more than 250 points, occurring in nine periods, and such date were fed into the geographic information system to obtain the interrelation of knowledge. Livestock farming and agriculture are the main activities causing environmental pressure since they introduce inappropriate practices and techniques in the face of natural fragility. Deforestation and fires were practiced regularly to prepare soils for agricultural and animal production and caused environmental imbalance, by causing loss of plant biodiversity, exposure of soils to weathering and accelerated erosion, which is the worst factor and, at the same time, the worst consequence of desertification. By the indicators, the degraded areas with advanced stage of deterioration were established based on the mapping of the Altos Pelados nucleus of desertification and of the neighboring area, which spread over 531 km2 of the Canudos territory. The thesis data converged to indicate environmental degradation and confirm the contradictions of the productive systems from Western economic rationality, which undermine the possibilities of sustainability and materialize the environmental crisis in Canudos, Bahia.

The territories conflicts caused by mineral activity are present in all regions of Bahia state. Mineral extractive territories have proceeded with “spoliation” actions originating “amputations” over the land-shelters territories of rural population, traditional communities and peripheral urban neighborhood. Bahia is still constituted for the high concentration of lands and low social indexes. The mineral sector with actions of public powers from different scopes violate human rights, do not practice the activities transparently and without a true dialogue with the population, contributing for the continuation of drama and Brazilian “bleeding of territory”. Thus, there are also several labor and occupational health cases that reach mine workers, the beneficiations and their families. When analyzing the dynamics and the consolidation processes of mineral extractive territories in Latin America, Brazil and Bahia comprehended part of the structure of this predatory and violent mineral model. The operationalization of territory category, highlighting its priority uses, serves methodologically to analyze different conceptions that appear about nature and society. The present research included conceptual studies and examined a theoretical method connected to the empiric practical. This analysis searched from concrete to the plan of ideas and, again, returned to concrete plan, as dialectical method proposes. Therefore, with researches and extension works developed in the field of GeografAR/UFBA, several territories conflicts that involve mining at Bahia were observed. Fifteen from registered cases were studied comprehensively and followed this methodological proposal: the extractive mineral territories from the past, from the present time and those which are in the prospecting and research phase. In this context, the conflicts in Bahia were understood under its diversity of land-shelters territories. Among concrete examples, a more specific territorial dispute happens in the city of Nordestina, where twelve Quilombola communities live and resist the implantation and extraction of kimberlitic diamonds. Issues related to land, water and air directly conflict with traditional ways of life and the relationship with the nature of these centenarian populations, historically related to violent colonial processes of invasion of indigenous lands and, also the slavery of African people. They still await territorial demarcations because it is a point of law. All dynamics of the perverse and contradictory globalization, here focused on the explorations and exports of mineral commodities, leads to this territorial conjuncture of "War to peoples" in land-shelters territories.

This manuscript intents to reflect about urbanization, using the theory of production of
space and analyzing correlated processes and features as sociospatial segregation,
sociospatial fragmentation, place and quotidien. To contribute with academic debate,
this work analysed aplicability of those concepts using as spatial cutout Pernambués,
a neighborhood of Salvador (BA, BRA), verifying how processes were developt in
intra-neighborhood scale. Reviewing events of local history it was possible to
evidence singular, particular and universal aspects of its urbanization, making
possible the study of Pernambués' contemporary Geography, neighbrhood with more
than 64.000 inhabtants that reveals aspects of sociospatial fragmentation, because
the difference among places and centrality areas have relation with social, economic,
cultural, environmental and historical differences that characterize the totality studied.
The research was realized with bibliografic review, documental study, field
observations, interviews, surveys, geoprocessing and others methodological
resources and made possible critical considerations about concepts and cathegories
used by materialistic-historic-dialetic base Geography. The results – expressed on
theory, statistics and cartography – are a relevant source for other researches about
the neighborhood, and give contributions to other academic works and to local
projects.

According to the scope of the integrated landscape studies, the soils are insert as an important element in the analysis of the physical environment, capable to intermediate the relations between climate, land forms and geological substratum. In this sense, this research is aimed in increasing the knowledge about the pedologic systems and the pedogeomorphologic evolution of an área located on a lowered plateau, wich is situated in a preserved compartiment of the Coastal Tablelands in the APA Litoral Norte of the Bahia State. Thus, through the study of an transformation system Argissolo – Espodossolo, found on a slope situated in a mild depression on the edge of the plateau, it was sought to establish an association between the spatial soils organization and the landform evolution, using for this, the Structural Analysis of the pedological cover. For this, in addition to a detailed characterization of soils in topossequence, a morphostructural analysis of the relief and its relation with the drainage network was performed. With the gathered information, it was identified the existence of a podzolization process that transformed the Argisols in Spodosols, acting from base to top of the slope. In the same way, this process transformed a lateritic iron crust that may have been the parental material of the Argisols. The installation of this process is associated with an old depression and the existence of an less permeable subsurface layer, that has promoted the water flow concentration and a floating water table. With the depression evolution to a drainage head, the podzolization process was interrupted and, currently, the soils are being eroded by the openin valleys process, caused by the drainage network. In this way, the results interpretation allowed an association between the soil evolution and the landform evolution in the stud y site. 

Researching the history of science is a necessary activity. A radical reflection must go back to the past in the search for motivations and inspirations to address the crises and challenges of the present moment. The Geography of Bahia, despite the efforts of Silva (1992, 2001, 2004, 2009), Silva (2003) and Souza (2015), lacks works that clarify important facts of the past, undertakings that contributed to the consolidation of scientific research in that state Brazilian. Thus, this dissertation contributes to a deepening of knowledge about the history of geographical ideas in Bahia, while elucidating the economic, political and ideological assumptions of the CAPES / COFECUB Agreement and exposing its theoretical, discursive and methodological developments. Among the subjects covered, there is an examination of the developed perspectives, themes and problems concerning Geography, addressed during the vigor of Projects 11/79 and 11/79/85 of the referred agreement. To achieve these goals, historical and dialectical materialism was used, a philosophy of history that understands scientific changes and revolutions as processes intrinsically connected to the transformations that occur in the form and content of economic, political and social formation. Written documents were the main source of information, which prompted the adoption of French Discourse Analysis (ADF), here called Materialistic Discourse Analysis (AMD), given its deep affinities with Marxist ideals. With regard to the period studied (1979-1992), it is the validity of Projects 11/79 and 11/79/85 of the CAPES / COFECUB Agreement, a dense period, of short duration, which represented a moment of effervescence of scientific production in Bahia, it is possible to offer rich and accessible factual elements.

This work aimed to demonstrate how the territorial expansion of Neo-Pentecostalism and specifically the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG) in Brazil is oriented. The origins of the evangelical presence in Brazil, the panorama of neopentecostal spatiality in the country, as well as the main characteristics of Neo-Pentecostalism were related to the emergence of the Universal Church in the late 1970s and its development as one of the most
emblematic Neo-Pentecostal denominations. The strengthening of the Pentecostal religion was analyzed from its capillarityzation by the social web, observed in the diversity and multiscalarity of its practices. The “Plan of Power" category, created by Edir Macedo, founder and leader of the Universal Church, reinforces the rationality present in the expansion of this denomination, developed in the research from the identification of the spaces in dispute to the
consolidation of this "plan" and socio-spatial practices of Universal Church in Brazil. These practices represent the territorial strategies and the territoriality of Universal Church and were grouped and developed from four axes of analysis: temple, street, media and politics.

The Pelourinho-Santo Antônio axis (EPS), corresponds to a set of neighborhoods
located in Salvador Original Center and its first periphery. Considering the research
period of 10 years (2007 – 2017), we verified the origin of the people residing in it. With
this, it was find that the EPS is configured as a migrant receiving zone.
Considering that the EPS has a heterogeneous population, this thesis makes an
analysis that goes from the formation of Salvador until the present time, emphasizing the
last century with the intention of explaining the presence of the small, but diversified
groups that are found in the researched area. Thus the results are demonstrated in
three periods: The first explains the origin of immigrantes and descendants, whose
pioneers arrive in Salvador in the 19th century. The second stage deals with the internal
migrations that occurred more intensely between 1930 and 1980. Considering the 1980s
as a decade of transition, 1985 was taken as the beginning of the third period, where the
flows to the EPS become diversified, difuse and complexity.
The last chapter contains 17 interviews and 38 commented photos with
representatives from the various groups identified in the study area. In this chapter it is
possible to know in a complete way some of the situations that lead an individual to
migrate and that were commented in the course of the thesis.
Based on an interscalary view, which considers the flows occurring in the EPS
(ans not a specific group), taking as basis of analysis the spatial processes and
observing the technique in the relations of theses agents with and in space. This study
point out how migrants ar social agents both by a quantitative impact and by a
qualitative impact that they can cause in the forms and functions thus contributing to
new processes and changes in space structutes.

The research presents a theoretical contribution to understand the dynamics of the expansion of the Federal Institutes in the territory of Bahia based on the regional as-pects that guide the implementation of campuses. In Brazil, and more specifically in Bahia, it is noticed that there was a relevant expansion and interiorize of federal insti-tutions of technological and higher education. In this sense, this work has as general objective to analyze the regional geographic dynamics of the expansion of the Insti-tutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IF’s) in Brazil and the state of Bahia. Specifically, we sought to: describe the process of expansion and internaliza-tion of the Rede Federal de Educação Científica, Profissional e Tecnologica in Brazil; analyze the expansion of the IF’s in Bahia; map the geographical distribution of the IF’s presenting the new regional configuration of the campuses in Bahia; highlight the locational criterial used for the insertion of new campuses in Bahia; understand the expansion of IF’s and their regional dynamics in Bahia; and propose a regional geo-graphic rearrangement of the IF’s to the state of Bahia. This study is based on a re-gional analytical approach, qualitative and quantitative, articulating the methodologi-cal procedures in four axes: theoretical-methodological; empirical, descriptive-analytical and propositional. The results of this research demonstrate the importance of understanding the process of expansion of educational institutions and their articu-lations with the regions. Being that the main scope was to propose a regionalization based on the current distribution of the campuses of the Federal Institutes in Bahia. Certainly IF’s are a substantial vector for regional and local dynamics, especially when they are deployed in small and medium-sized municipalities. In this way, the spatial analysis developed is offered as a contribution to the planning, management and reordering of the expansion actions of new campuses of the Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia in Bahia.

We live in enclosed spaces. The house, our work environment, our leisure activities, happen most of the time, and are associated with the infrastructures of environments that are enclosed between walls and ceilings. As a consequence, we are also locking up children. The activities developed by them take place more and more in closed spaces, from the school to their moments of leisure. Numerous factors can be pointed out in this scenario: fear of urban violence, lack of time to accompany children, lack of structured spaces, are some of them. The point is that this confinement has repercussions on how children live and experience the city. They walk less on the ground, share less rain, feel less wind, are less exposed to the sun, find the other less. Closing expectations of adults are transported to children by inhibiting their out of doors dweeling. Before this process, I investigated, through the lands of the urban experience, the dweeling of children out of doors. With thoughts transcending phenomenological horizons, I constructed a theoretical-methodological script favoring being with children out of doors. Walking and talking, wandering and imagining with the children, I tried to understand the repercussion of these experiences in their lives beyond understanding the conditions of out of doors housing in the contemporary metropolises. With phenomenological entanglement Ingold (2015) and his dwelling perspective; of Dardel (2011) and his geography and poetic-analysis of Bachelard (1988), spoke with the observation of the urban experiences of the children out of doors and the resonance of them in me. After the observations and descriptions of these experiences, the thesis that I defend is that inhabiting the open extends the sensoriality of the child to the lived environment and the city. With outdoor living, there is an epistemophilia allied with curiosity, imagination, creativity, skills as or more important as other technical and intellectual skills for human development. Going out there with the children raises the feeling of the Earth and, consequently, extends the relationship with the planet, beyond a caricatured romanticism. It also changes the relation with the space and time of the accelerated city, that seeks the business to the detriment of idleness. It allows you to understand life beyond directed activities to a certain end, in your busy times going on in enclosed spaces. In the open air, a sensitive and fertile geography reveals itself before the astonishment, wonder and imagination of the encounter with the space.

This dissertation studied the migration of young people from the countryside of the municipality of Irará (BA) to urban areas in Brazil, as a process that develops in the contradictory movement of the agrarian issue, implying in the strategies of reproduction of the rural space. Therefore, migration is an attribute of the agrarian issue that expresses the conflicts in the fabric of social relations in the rural area of the municipality, which act to weaken the possibilities of access to land ownership for family work and social reproduction of young people in the field. In this way, it manifests itself as a strategy of social reproduction of the young migrant from the countryside in the city, also allowing the reproduction of a portion of the family that remains in the countryside. Thus, the general objective of the dissertation was to analyze the production of the rural area of the municipality of Irará, the social and political relations that are expressed in the agrarian issue and its refutations for the young people of the field, which have triggered the migration as a strategy of social reproduction. Thus, the central query questions the conditions of social reproduction of peasant youth, in confronting the agrarian issue and in the identification of the migratory process as a concrete expression of the conflicts inherent to the production of the rural space of the municipality of Irará. In this sense, it was considered the migration of young people from families of small farmers from four rural communities in the municipality of Irará, to the cities of São José and Florianópolis, in the state of Santa Catarina, as a process pressed by the agrarian problem, acting directly on the reality in which these families live, producing relations mediated by exploitation and resistance. In order to understand the reality of rural youth migration, mediated by the processes of work and socialization in the organization and production of rural space, the theoretical-methodological assumptions of historical-dialectical materialism were used. With this contribution, it was sought to understand the youth of the countryside, in the production of space, in the conflicts of the Brazilian agrarian problem and in the context of the unfolding of the agrarian issue, in socio-spatial relations in the rural space of the municipality of Irará. In the continuity, the empirical data was collected, systematized and analyzed, which dealt with the conditions in which young people from the countryside are submitted, in Irará, explaining the migratory process of these young people to the city, the multiple faces of the agrarian issue. As a conclusion, it was verified that migration is a socio-spatial process that reveals the conflicts of the agrarian issue and reveals the complex reality of the young people of the countryside, regarding the countryside and the city. However, in the concrete practice of the different subjects that measure the production of the rural space, in Irará, although the migration became present and validated in their common experiences, the agrarian issue and the problems referred to it are not explicit and are not part of their list of concerns.

From the perspective that argues the urban currently transcends your “pattern” shape, in this case, the city expands itself throughout the geographical space, not only through its expansion over the countryside, and over nature, but also, by its opposite, the countryside invading the city to modify it, we argue that nowadays analysis of urban space must consider the existence of "new" urban spatial forms that represent the intertwining of the city and the countryside. In this sense, one must ask: What is the identity of urban space nowadays? What are the spatial forms of the present moment of urbanization? Who are the actors producing these forms? What are the preponderant factors of the production of these urban forms? We defend the thesis that agriculture is the driving force behind widespread urbanization. Much more than a process that induces the economic development of small and medium-sized cities, the agriculture creates urban spatial forms that transcend the simple dichotomy between the countryside and the city, by promoting as from these forms the existence of different urban realities, and above all, to put the farmer as an active actor in the process of the production urban space. The aim of this thesis is to identify the spatial forms of the urban promoted by agriculture and the role of the farmer as an active actor in the production of this urban space. In the course of the research, we identified two standard types of urban spatial forms promoted by agriculture: the agribusiness city and the city-countryside. In order to analyze the spatial urban forms of the city-countryside, the analysis of the vegetable chain in the city of Salvador, and the city of agribusiness, analyzing the territorial arrangement of soybean in Western Bahia, we have identified that the contradictions and conflicts that are typical of the Brazilian countryside are also present in the production of urban space that has the farmer as an active actor in this process