Leakage current mitigation in transformerless, three and five levels single-phase on-grid inverters
Photovoltaic systems; Transformerless topologies; Leakage current.
The process of converting solar energy into electrical energy occurs through power converters, which can be classified based on their characteristics and functionalities. Photovoltaic (PV) inverters play a crucial role in the operation of a PV system. In addition to their intelligence and control over the system's operation, such as the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, anti-islanding algorithm, and PV plant monitoring, PV inverters are primarily responsible for interfacing with the distribution network and converting the DC power generated by the PV modules into AC power for the electrical grid. In terms of galvanic isolation, PV inverters can be classified into three groups: low-frequency transformers, high-frequency transformers, and transformerless. The use of transformers in PV inverters reduces system performance, increases weight, size, and cost. Therefore, transformerless PV inverters are preferred, especially in low-power applications where a low-cost, lightweight, and efficient system is desired. However, the use of transformerless topologies may cause issues, such as leakage current. High leakage current circulating in the system degrades the quality of the energy injected into the electrical grid and may cause protection devices to trigger improperly, jeopardizing the safety and reliability of the system. Consequently, research on transformerless topologies is ongoing to mitigate the effects of leakage current and improve the efficiency of PV inverters. In addition to the above, PV inverters must comply with the regional regulations, which define the operational limits of various parameters, including leakage current.