Banca de DEFESA: FRANCIELE OLIVEIRA SANTANA

Uma banca de DEFESA de DOUTORADO foi cadastrada pelo programa.
DISCENTE : FRANCIELE OLIVEIRA SANTANA
DATA : 06/12/2019
HORA: 08:00
LOCAL: Instituto de Química
TÍTULO:

Gaseous contaminants/pollutants in the atmosphere of Brazilian urban centers

PALAVRAS-CHAVES:

Passive Sampling, Gaseous Pollutants, Urban Centers

PÁGINAS: 220
GRANDE ÁREA: Ciências Exatas e da Terra
ÁREA: Química
SUBÁREA: Química Analítica
ESPECIALIDADE: Análise de Traços e Química Ambiental
RESUMO:

Gases and particulate matter as atmospheric contaminants/pollutants affect the health of the city populations, causing serious damage to the fauna/flora, building materials and monuments. Vehicle emissions have been considered the predominant source of air quality degradation in large cities. In 2018, ambient air pollution caused 4.2 million deaths worldwide. Thus the growing population in large cities is often exposed to gas concentrations that often exceed the established air quality standards. This work evaluated the concentrations of 16 gaseous pollutants / contaminants in 5 Brazilian urban centers, with intense vehicular flow (Salvador, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro and Londrina), from August / 2017 to June / 2018, characterizing sources and seasonality effects, assessing the ozone formation potential (OFP)and health risks. Six simultaneous passive sampling campaigns were performed using the AnalyseAr kit for consecutive periods of 7 and 14 days. BTEX compounds were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID); HCOH and CH₃COH by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detection; NOx, NO₂, NH₃ and H₂S by molecular spectrophotometry and SO₂, O₃, HCl, HNO₃, HCOOH and CH₃COOH by ion chromatography. O₃ was the gaseous pollutant with the highest concentration in the city of São Paulo, 58.1 µg m^-3, ranging from 5.35 to 139 µg m^-3 in all the centers. However, it did not exceed the limit legislated by CONAMA 491/2018 (160 µg m^-3). Most compounds had higher average atmospheric concentrations in the dry period. São Paulo and Belo Horizonte presented the highest concentration levels, corroborating the intensity of the vehicle fleet, allied to meteorological parameters. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde values exceeded their respective international recommendations in all urban centers; São Paulo and Belo Horizonte had higher NOx concentrations levels than the European Union recommended (30 µg m^-3). Benzene concentrations represent values > 1.7 μg m^-3, level associated with the probability of leukemia, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The ratios Toluene / Benzene (T / B), Xylenes / Benzene (X / B), m, p-Xylenes / Ethylbenzene (m, pX / E) and Formaldehyde / Acetaldehyde (FA / AA) indicated that vehicle emissions are the main sources of these VOCs in the atmosphere of Brazilian urban centers. The cancer risk probability for adults that were exposure to those atmospheres was above the 1.0 x 10^-6, limit set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for both benzene and formaldehyde, as well as for all relative maximum values of acetaldehyde concentrations, except for the city of Salvador. The emission of diesel vehicles was considered the predominant source for the increase of nitrogen oxide concentrations.

MEMBROS DA BANCA:
Presidente - 285528 - VANIA PALMEIRA CAMPOS
Interno - 1553299 - GISELE OLIMPIO DA ROCHA
Interno - 282814 - MARIA DAS GRACAS ANDRADE KORN
Interno - 1143276 - PEDRO AFONSO DE PAULA PEREIRA
Externo à Instituição - MARTA VALERIA ALMEIDA S. DE ANDRADE - UNEB
Externo à Instituição - MARCOS DE ALMEIDA BEZERRA - UESB
Externo à Instituição - MARIA CRISTINA SOLCI - UEL
Externo à Instituição - PÉROLA DE CASTRO VASCONCELLOS - USP