Relic Abundance of Monopoles via an Effective Field Theory
monopoles, effective field theory, particle physics
In this work, we revisit the thermal production and annihilation of monopoles and their
relic abundance, exploiting the monopole phenomenology described by the effective field
theory of monopole pair production via Drell-Yan process. We make use the vacuum
cross sections for the Drell-Yan reactions to estimate the cross section averaged over the
thermal distribution associated to other particles that constitute the hot medium where the
monopoles propagate, in our case the early universe environment. Then, we use the ther-
mally averaged cross sections as inputs to estimate the evolution of the Relic Abundance
of monopoles following the freeze-out theory.