The study area is located in the northwest region of the São Francisco Craton (CSF), in the western sector of the Minas-Bahia Orogen. Two metavolcanosedimentary sequences were identified from the description of boreholes and systematic geological mapping. The oldest one is the Extrema Metavolcanosedimentary Sequence (SME) and the youngest one is the Chapada Grande Metavolcanosedimentary Sequence (SMCG), defined here, which represents different stages of a Riacian orogenic system. These sequences occur in tectonic contact, through shear zones. In SME, mainly fine-grained amphibolites were identified, in which nematoblastic microstructure predominates. They are high-iron, low-potassium tholeiitic rocks with flat REE patterns, negative Nb and Ta anomalies, and positive Pb anomalies. They have a crystallization age of 2218±18 Ma and a metamorphism age of 2020±7 Ma, with a T_DM(t) model age between 2.38 and 2.28 Ga and Ɛ_Hf(t) between +3.78 and +5.6. These rocks were interpreted as being part of an Oceanic Arc located on the east margin of the Correntina Paleoplate. The SMCG was subdivided into five lithostratigraphic units where basic and intermediate to acid metavolcanic rocks are generically intercalated with siliciclastic and chemical metasedimentary rocks. The basic rocks comprise mafic shales and amphibolites, both mainly fine-grained, in which the nematoblastic metamorphic microstructure is predominant. They are transitional to calc-alkaline rocks, of low to medium potassium, with ETRL enrichment in relation to ETRP. They also show pronounced negative Nb and Ta anomalies and positive Pb anomalies. Intermediate to acid rocks were identified in two different units of the SMCG, with preserved igneous textures, such as porphyritic and poikilitic, in addition to erosion edges in feldspars grains. In the first, it is represented by a metadacite with a crystallization age of 2096±20 Ma, T_DM(t) model age of 3.57 Ga, and Ɛ_Hf(t) equal to -18.5. In the second, intermediate to acid volcanism comprises metalatites and metatrachytes subalkaline to alkaline, calc-alkaline, high-potassium, metaluminous to peraluminous, magnesian, and with shoshonitic affinity. They show strong enrichment of ETRL in relation to ETRP and negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, and Ti. The crystallization age is 2066±6 Ma, with T_DM(t) model age between 3.51 and 3.13 Ga and Ɛ_Hf(t) between -16.44 and -8.84. Alkaline lithotypes have similar characteristics to sanukitoids. The basic to acid volcanic rocks of the SMCG are interpreted as formed in a Continental Arc developed on the eastern margin of the Bom Jesus da Lapa Paleoplate. In turn, the association of metasedimentary rocks suggests, from SE to NW, deposition in forearc, intra-arc, and passive margin basins, with sea level fluctuations and the presence of graphite shales. After the continental collision, sinistral transcurrent NNW-SSE shear zones are generated. They form a pull-apart basin that accommodates the plutonism of the Guanambi Suite and the metasedimentary rocks that support the mountain ranges in the western portion of the area. The existence of crustal accretion processes during the Riacian-Orosirian in the region has been the subject of study in several works, which, with the aid of aerogeophysical, geochronological, and isotopic data, allowing inferring that the area presents a greater diversity of terrains than surface geological maps may indicate. Thus, improving the knowledge of the geology of the area can contribute to the understanding of the processes of formation and stabilization of the CSF and its role in the construction of the supercontinent Columbia.

The success of mine closure, and the minimization of its associated risks, depends primarily on the associated regulations and how mining companies plan for closure. Thus, this research was divided into two research papers. In Paper 1, considering the best international practices, an assessment of the mine closure’s legislation was made in the Brazilian federal level and of the current processual flow. Therefore, nine relevant recommendations from the literature were selected to create a regulatory structure of mine closure. The recommendations were classified in satisfies, partially satisfies and does not satisfies, by the authors's professional judgment. The results shows that despite the advances obtained with the recent changes, the Brazilian mine closuring legislation still has inconsistencies, incoherence, gaps and does not meet the requirements from international recommendations. The current legal requirements still do not guarantee the reduction of impacts associated to the mine closure. A new flow was proposed in the mine closure process, and changes to improve the regulatory process of mine closure in Brazil. In Paper 2, considering international best practices recommendations, we developed and tested a procedure to evaluate, during the operational phase, the preparedness of companies to close a mine. Based on the principles of physical stability, chemical stability, socioeconomic transition, and post-mining land use, a weighted checklist containing 69 best practice statements was tested in three operating metal mines in Northeastern Brazil. The best practice statements and their respective weights were submitted to a 12-member expert group. The practices are organized in four assessment areas: (i) mine closure documents, (ii) physical and chemical stability, (iii) costs and financial provisioning, and (iv) community engagement and social transition. In applying the tool, evidence is collected by document review, interviews and site inspections, and evaluated using professional judgement to determine a level of achievement for each group of practices. A preparedness index is then calculated and a preparedness level is obtained. All field-tested mines ranked high for cost and financial provisioning, possibly reflecting they are publicly-owned companies, but ranked in the medium range for the three other assessment areas, indicating a risk of negative legacy. In view of the results presented, mine closure should be a matter of concern for regulators, investors and communities.

The Marizal/São Sebastião aquifer system is the main water supply source in the municipality of Alagoinhas and surrounding regions (state of Bahia). However, the human interventions in the region contribute to soil and underground pollution. Thus, the present study had the objective of investigating the vulnerability and danger of contamination in this aquifer system, associated with a study on water quality based on statistical tools. In bibliographic studies, the main methods for investigating aquifer vulnerability in different geological environments were analyzed, selecting GOD, DRASTIC, AVI and COP methods as the most relevant today. In view of conditional comparisons, it is concluded that the GOD and DRASTIC methods presented more appropriate responses for sedimentary environments, such as the study area, and were therefore selected for the present study. To carry out this work, 20 groundwater samples were taken in situ in the year 2021 and 34 samples from wells in the SIAGAS (Groundwater Information System) and SAAE (Alagoinhas Autonomous Water and Sewage System) databases were considered. Data was assessed using factorial analysis, multivariate cluster analysis, and evaluations on vulnerability (GOD and DRASTIC) and risk of contamination (POSH). The results indicated that the characteristics that compose the Marizal/São Sebastião aquifer system are the main factors responsible for the vulnerability indices found in the area. The regions that are preferentially composed by the Marizal Formation (central region of the area) were classified with intermediate to high vulnerability in response to the sandstones that form this geological Formation. In turn, the regions delimited by the São Sebastião Formation presented intermediate to low vulnerability (peripheral regions), which is in response to the presence of interleaved sandstones and shales that promoted greater protection to the underground system. The risk of contamination followed the same pattern, with the urban zone presenting the highest contamination hazard and the rural zone had the lowest hazard level. Moreover, the statistical results indicated that groundwater characteristics presented higher influence over the geological formations than human contamination or pollution, indicating that despite the high level of vulnerability and contamination hazard of some areas in the municipality, the aquifer system in general can still be considered preserved. The most relevant parameters to characterize groundwater were those related to water salinity (pH, EC, salinity, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate, manganese, and iron), and indicated that 70% of the groundwater is within the drinking water standards established by the Ministry of Health Ordinance No. 888/2021 and CONAMA Resolution 396/2008. The secondary relevant parameters were those related to the alkalinity/acidity of the aqueous medium (pH, bicarbonate, and phosphate) and indicated that most of the groundwater in this system is acidic (95%).

The region of Itaparica Island, Bahia, located in the Todos os Santos Bay, to the East of Salvador City – Brazil, was chosen because it holds deposits of the Maracangalha Formation (MF). The MF has the most significant volume of gas stored in low permeability reservoirs in the Recôncavo basin (RB). Fault systems dominate the structural framework of the RB: the Maragogipe flexural border (N10o ) to the West, the Salvador fault border (N30o ) to the East, the Mata-Catu (N150o ) to the center, the Barra (N090o ) to South and Transversals (transfer and release) (N120o ) distributed throughout RB. The locality of Bom Despacho, in the northeastern sector of the island, presents a lithostratigraphic arrangement of rocks from the Caruaçu and Pitanga members, which compose the Maracangalha Formation, and are represented by massive sandstones and shales with a dominance of the first over the second, in terms of proportion. This outcrop is a miniature of a larger system that combines turbiditic sandstones and shales from the Ilhas Group with potential importance as they represent large hydrocarbon deposits in unconventional reservoirs. This one exhibits a system of orthogonal fractures originating from paleotensors acting by tectonic efforts that contributed to the current configuration of the basin. Mechanical and structural parameters, printed on the massive sandstones of the Caruaçu Member, were used for methodological purposes of simulating the fracture behavior and recognizing the tectonic forces that originated the current fractal arrangement. Thus, five stations divide the study area, where 729 fractures were measured and classified according to two main trends of preferential orientation. The main orientations observed are two families close to N10o -30o , longer, and N100o -120o , shorter, related to the RB's Longitudinal and Transversal Fault Systems. The orientations and rare striations in the fracture planes indicate that they were formed mainly: (i) second a Tensile Failure Criterion (Griffith Criterion) in shallow crustal conditions, and (ii) by a rhombohedral-orthorhombic extension (Mode I fractures). This fracture pattern is usually associated with paleostress principal tensors magnitudes s1>s2≈s3, resulting in an orthorhombic extension close to the E-W direction. The treatments of structural data collected in the field, such as spacing, length, thickness, and fracture opening, were used to analyze numerical models and statistical distributions using the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The results showed a close relationship to the mechanical layering of the rocks on tensile stress at the fracture tips. The behavior of fractures is influenced not only by the magnitude of the fluid pressure at the local level around the fracture tips but also by the orientation and distribution of fluid pressure gradients on a global scale. Another aspect is the discussion of the fractal behavior of the fracture in the light of the impact on low permeability reservoirs for assessment of the change consequences in the stress field at different points of the rock formation. The present work expects to contribute to a better understanding of the formation and evolution of fracture families in turbidite formations, with a tectonic situation similar to the case study in terms of the potential for hydrocarbon storage.

The city of Salvador has a large portion of the population residing in areas of environmental hazzards, so a broad geological study is necessary to help preserve the lives and properties of the population in these regions. Geologically, Salvador has two main fault systems, originating from the tectonic events that generated, during the Cretaceous, the Recôncavo rift-type basin, the W, and the opening of the South Atlantic, the E, of the city. One longitudinal, oriented N030°-040º and the other transversal oriented N90°- 120° (STF). These systems control numerous valleys, highs and local slopes. This work aims to: (i) model the main families of structures that cause slope instability, (ii) analyze the geometric and kinematic characteristics of the studied fault systems, (iii) map possible unstable slopes, and (iv) make the survey of the preferred directions of the main brittle structures associated with transverse faults. In this study, the Barra and Brotas fault systems are modeled, in addition to the main N90°-120° orientation faults, in which models of predictive stereograms of mass movements were generated with data from discontinuity planes of the Recôncavo Basin that are associated with the structures found in the city of Salvador. It was found through kinematic modeling that the wedge sliding failure mechanism occurs more easily, followed by flexural toppling and finally planar sliding. The comparative analysis between the friction angles indicates that only the rock flexural toppling and planar sliding mechanisms have their capacity to occur increased. Finally, 19 unstable slopes were identified, 3 from the SFB and 13 from the SFBR, where the three failure mechanisms occur, with predominantly mass movement directions to the South and Southwest, heavily populated regions.

The definition of the rocky mass kinematic behavior after the digging of a tunnel or the galleries of an underground mine is fundamental so as to prevent accidents involving rock sliding. Thus, it is proposed that we make the cinematic modelling of the main families of discontinuities and the predominant shistosity in the mine galleries to qualitatively measure potential zones for rock sliding on the form of wedge blocks. The current work aims to make the cinematic modelling of the main discontinuity families that might influence on rock sliding and falls which compromising miners’ safety. For so, we used the rocky massif cinematic modelling method in order to analyze possible kinds of ruptures that may occur due to the presence of discontinuities untoward the digging orientation. The measures of the discontinuities and the shistosity were brought through geological mapping and bore holes description, with the total of 1488 measures of discontinuity families and 758 shistosities. The cinematic modellings were made considering the weighted averages of the discontinuities J1 (078º/075º), J2 (290º/075º), J3 (117º/078º), J4 (240º/075º), J5 (059º/080º) and the shistosity Sn (177º/052º), the orientation N00º, N90º, N180º e N270º, the (90º) inclination towards the wall and (45º) to the gallery’s roof and friction angle of (34º) and (49º). This paper concludes that three parameters influenced on the probability of wedge blocks formation occurrence on potentially unstable zones. Digging orientation N00º and N270º, (90º) wall inclination and (34º) friction angle were the parameters that showed the highest possibility of wedge sliding events inside the galleries of the underground mine.

Changes to the coastal landscape, mainly motivated by an increasing tourist demand, generally do not take into account coastal processes and the limitations imposed by variations in the configuration of the coastline. The lack of knowledge of the geomorphological and hydrodynamic characteristics of the beaches, combined with the intense use of this environment, can cause, for example, an intensification of their vulnerability to erosion. The urbanized coastline with the presence of fixed constructions along its coastline and coastal engineering interventions can result in the loss of environmental quality and the compromise of its functions – coast protection, flora and fauna habitat and human recreational use. The occupation and disorderly use of the coast can leave this environment also vulnerable to coastal pollution. Pollution represents a serious threat, especially to the functions of habitat and recreation, and is normally associated with the lack of basic sanitation and the presence of solid waste. The main objective of this research is to propose methods and indicators that help to understand how coastal dynamics and anthropogenic use condition the functionalities and vulnerabilities of sandy beaches, having the Imbassaí beach as a case study. Imbassaí beach, located in the municipality of Mata de São João, on the north coast of Bahia, is an important tourist destination in the state. The coastal erosion vulnerability matrix indicates very high vulnerability in two stretches of the beach, while vulnerability to pollution was considered negligible in most of the study area. The habitat function was considered effective in the whole beach, while the protection function was only considered effective in a stretch. Regarding the recreation function, it was considered a threat in the entire studied area. The use of vulnerability and beach functionality indicators makes it possible to compare the characteristics of different beaches and helps to guide management plans, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and favoring the responsible use of the coast.

The abandonment of mining activity in the city of Boquira/BA resulted in one of the greatest environmental liabilities arising from mining in Brazil. Over the years, due to demographic expansion, the tailings basin has been incorporated into the municipal urban area, increasing the vulnerability of this area to exposure to toxic components of the tailings basin.This work aims to present the results obtained from the assessment of exposure of the urban area of Boquira/BA to contaminants in the tailings basin. For this, at first, a conceptual model of exposure to contamination was built, considering the airways as the main means of transport, due to the climatic characteristics of the region, later, a model was developed with three domains (houses, streets and air) in the Matlab R2014a software, having as input data the information referring to the meteorological conditions of the region, specifically, wind direction and speed, and using for calibration the chemical analyzes of lead contamination obtained in street sediments and dust from houses distributed throughout of the urban area. The results of the conceptual analysis showed concentrations of heavy metals in the urban area of the municipality, above the prevention and investigation limits established by CONAMA Resolution 420/2009, in the four defined exposure scenarios, while the simulation carried out over a period of one year suggested that most lead is concentrated in streets or houses rather than suspended in the air. The simulations carried out for hypothetical future scenarios, considering an eventual remediation of the tailings pond, showed that after 200 days the concentrations in the air and in the streets decreased considerably and in the houses it stopped accumulating. In general, the model was able to reproduce the atmospheric dispersion process in the area and presented a satisfactory response in the estimation of lead concentrations in the analyzed domains, proving to be appropriate to assist in the assessment and management of contaminated areas through atmospheric dispersion.

The present work carried out in the Cachoeira River Basin (CRB), located in the southern portion of the
State of Bahia, aimed to contribute with scientific foundations that make it possible to guide the integrated
management of water resources in that area. Two scientific articles published in the journals were
developed: Anuário do Instituto de Geociências and Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências
Naturais. In the first article, entitled “Intervening factors in the groundwater salinization process,
Cachoeira River Basin, Northeastern Brazil”, hydrogeochemical diagrams and multivariate statistics were
applied in order to identify the factors that potentially influence the salinity of the waters in the crystalline
aquifer of the study region. The data used came from the hydrogeological database of the Companhia de
Engenharia Hídrica e Saneamento da Bahia (CERB). Groundwater was predominantly classified as
calcium-bicarbonate with salinity ranging from sweet to brackish. The cation that prevails in the region is
Ca2+, while carbonate and bicarbonate correspond to the dominant anions. With the factor analysis it was
possible to recognize two factors that explain approximately 93% of the total variance of the data.
Hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in 5 distinct clusters based on dissolved ion concentrations. This
study indicates that the natural mechanisms that control the chemical composition of groundwater are
mainly related to the weathering of rocks associated with evaporation contributions, and the most
significant parameters in the variability of water salinity are Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Fe(total), Cl-. The second
article was entitled "Precipitation in the Cachoeira River Basin: Variability and Trends (1970 - 2020)",
this study aimed to identify rainfall trends and variability. The data used comprise historical series of total
monthly rainfall from six rainfall stations for the period from 1970 to 2020 (51 years) obtained from the
Hydrological Information System (HidroWeb) of the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico
(ANA). The Mann-Kendall, Spearman's Rho and Sen's slope tests were satisfactorily applied, allowing the
identification of significant trends and precipitation magnitude. The analysis showed that statistically nonsignificant trends prevail in the area. However, a significant negative trend was identified in the centralwest region in two rainfall stations that characterize a reduction of around 300 mm of rain in the studied
period. Periods with extreme drought/humidity were recognized and compared with ENSO phases where
it was identified that 62.5% of drought events and 42.9% of rainy events can be related to El Niño/La Niña
phenomena, respectively. With the coefficient of variation, low rainfall variability was recognized in the
eastern portion and high variability in the western portion of the area. The results obtained can be used as
a reference for the management of water resources in the river basin.

The Itabaiana Dome is a geological unit that represents the outcrop of the Archean basement in the southern portion of the Borborema Province. It is surrounded by lithotypes of the Vaza Barris Domain, one of the lithostratigraphic units of the Sergipan Orogenic System (SOS). This SOS unit has been the object of study for more than 50 years of geological research in the area. It is referred to on geological maps as a gneissic-migmatitic complex formed by migmatized orthogneisses, with rare intercalations of amphibolitized mafic levels. According to older work, the complex was reworked and uplifted during the Neoproterozoic deformation process that established the SOS. Previous petrographic studies have characterized these orthogneisses as rocks that underwent different stages of deformation. They present both preserved primary features, such as a banded microstructure typical of orthogneisses and migmatitic features (which reflect various stages of anatexis), and microstructures associated with ductile-brittle shear processes. In these rocks, microstructures of mylonite and other more specific ones, such as augen and flaser, are present. They are essentially composed of K-feldspar (microcline), plagioclase, quartz, biotite, and/or hornblende, besides garnet, titanite, apatite, and zircon as accessory terms. Chlorite and epidote eventually appear as secondary minerals. The modal compositions of the samples, when plotted on the QAP diagram, appear predominantly in the tonalite and granodiorite fields. According to the chemical analyses performed on 20 samples, the migmatitic orthogneisses are sodium-rich rocks (K2O/Na2O < 0.5) typically belonging to the normal calcium alkaline series, with some samples tending toward the high-potassium calcium alkaline series. The analyses revealed the existence of two groups distinct from each other, mainly with respect to K2O contents (Type I: K2O > 2.5; Type II: K2O < 2.5). According to analysis of the REE patterns and multi-elemental diagrams, the two groups have significant negative anomalies of Th-U, Ta-Nb, and Ti, in addition to low Y contents, presenting a strongly fractionated pattern, with enrichment in LREE and depletion in HREE. Only one group shows positive Sr anomaly and concavity in the HREE spectra, also features typical of Archean TTGs. It is suggested, then, that both have an affinity with TTGs and that the group more enriched in K2O (Type II) suffered some kind of crustal participation in its genesis. Some geochronological analyses were initially made, which showed that the origin of these rocks was associated with magmatic and tectonic-metamorphic events that occurred during the Mesoarchean. The initial geochronological analyses provided two U-Pb ages in zircon (LA-ICP-MS) of 2729 ± 12 Ma and 2737.4 ± 5.6 Ma, both made in the clear portion (leucosome) of migmatitic orthogneiss samples. And a U-Pb age in zircon (SHRIMP) of 2878 ± 11 Ma was made in the dark portion of migmatitic (paleosome) orthogneiss sample. The older age was interpreted as an age of protolith crystallization. The younger ages evidence a reworking/migmatization of these rocks during a tectonothermal event in the Mesoarchean. A geochronological detailing done later corroborated the idea that in the period between 2.9-2.8, there would have been a large high-grade tectonometamorphic event that gave rise to these rocks. In addition to this, we found the oldest rock in the SOS. This is a basic granulite (metagabronorite), which showed U-Pb zircon ages (SHRIMP) around 2933 Ma. These ages were compared with ages found in other possibly related geological units, such as the Santa Luz and Uauá Complex, which represents the northeastern portion of the Serrinha Block and the Ntem Complex, which represents the Archean basement in the northern portion of the Congo Craton. This comparison was also made with some geochemical data. The similar behavior of some samples and also the similarity in some ages suggest that the Itabaiana Dome and the Ntem Complex constituted a single continental mass during the Mesoarchean. The thermobarometric conditions associated with the origin of these rocks were verified by a mineral chemistry study using conventional geothermobarometric methods and P-T pseudosection. Using the integrated geothermobarometer, temperatures between 650.9 - 690.7 °C and pressures between 6.08 - 7.42 kbar were calculated. The P-T pseudosection shows a range of 680-750 °C and 4.5-8.0 kbar. The estimated P-T conditions for migmatitic orthogneisses are consistent with those of solidus with fluid presence for tonalitic assemblages. This condition may be associated with migmatization of these rocks during the tectono-metamorphic events between 2.8 and 2.7 Ga.

The natural water resources in Feira de Santana, Brazil, are used by the population, however the water is deteriorated by domestic effluents. The aim of this study is to evaluate both the current quality of groundwater and surface water along with the effectiveness of phytoremediation under these conditions. Water quality was determined using the Water Quality Index (WQI) most used in Brazil in association with the Trophic State Index (TSI) and its hydrochemical nature. The compatibility of current water uses was also assessed under brazilian law. Multivariate analysis was applied to assist in the cause-effect relationship on water quality and, finally, an evaluation was carried out to determine the effectiveness of Vetiver (Vetiveria Zizanioides) in the phytoremediation of natural waters impacted by domestic effluents. The WQI and the TSI showed terrible results, since most of the samples were classified in the two worst classes. The assessment of the compatibility of water uses with the current scenario was unfavorable, so that, according to Brazilian legislation, there are restrictions on current uses due to the poor quality. The multivariate analysis registered 3 groups, in which the first correlates the variables PO43-, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Apparent Color, Turbidity, Fecal Coliforms and the WQI, representing anthropic pollution. The second group contemplates the variables Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, Electrical Conductivity (CE) and Total Dissolved Solids (STD), representing the variables related to salinity, while the third group includes the variables N-ammoniacal, Potential Oxidation-Reduction (ORP) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), partially representing the association of the bio-geochemical cycle of nitrogen with the influence of anthropic pollution. Phytoremediation using Vetiver showed evident efficacy in removing PO43- (88%), Nitrogen (81%) and Fecal Coliforms (100%), in addition to an increase in OD by 240% and WQI in 140%, being an alternative effective for the remediation of water contaminated with domestic sewage.

Dumps constitute the inadequate form of final disposal of waste on the ground without any environmental control measure. Among the main environmental impacts caused by dumps are contamination of soil and surface and underground water resources. The state of Bahia has a great variation in the factors of the physical environment, especially with regard to pedology and climate, and the garbage dumps studied have a great variation in these aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the potential for environmental contamination of the dumps, considering these factors, in addition to the amount of slurry generated by each dump. However, most municipalities do not have sufficient resources for management, adequate final destination and neither, to finance in-depth studies and recovery of the area. In this sense, this work aims to evaluate the potential of environmental contamination of dumps in Bahia, through the main potentiating parameters, aiming to contribute to the formulation of strategies and criteria of priorities of resource allocation by municipalities, in the adoption of environmental intervention measures appropriately in the dumps. In this sense, the following studies were carried out: selection of dumps; selection of the main parameters of the physical environment and municipal solid waste; acquisition of primary and secondary data on selected environmental parameters; definition of the methodology for data analysis and interpretation. The main results obtained were: 1) the parameters of the physical environment indicators of the potential for environmental contamination by dumps were: amount of leaching produced by the dumps; texture, structure and speed of soil infiltration, which influence soil permeability, enhancing the speed with which leaching propagates underground, increasing the risks of groundwater contamination and even conditioning the surface runoff of this contaminant; rainfall, which contributes to a higher leach production, which enhances the environmental risk of dumps; distance from surface and underground water bodies; 2) The dumps with the highest potential for contamination were those located under the highest rainfall and soils with high infiltration speed and small distances of water bodies (rivers and groundwater), such as the Valença dump, which presented the highest leaching potential produced, combined with high infiltration speed of its soils, which provides faster percolation of this contaminant underground. In addition, this dump is located at a short distance from rivers and relatively small depth of the local groundwater level.

The disorderly process of urban occupation in a region of marked topographic variation transformed Salvador into the Brazilian city with the largest number of people inhabiting areas with high susceptibility for natural disasters. Simultaneously, there is a lack of geotechnical studies about the correlation between Salvador’s substrate and its possible interference towards the deflagration of slope failures. This study was based on the kinematic modelling with equal area stereographic projection (Schmidt-Lambert). Natural slopes N 030º and N 040º related to the Sistema de Falhas de Salvador (SFS) e Sistema de Falhas do Iguatemi (SFI) were considered as parameters, as well as the fault systems at directions N 000°, N 010°, N 030°, N 040°, N 090°, N 120° e N 160°, according to literature. in the majoritory of slope data from Salvador and fault systems from Reconcavo Basin. The kinematic modelling was applied to a case study of 67 slopes located near SFS and SFI. These slopes were identified and interpreted with morphostructural lineaments characterization using the digital elevation model of the TOPODATA project, and cross sections across Salvador’s contour map. The case study describes six locations in Salvador where wedge failure hazards are dectected and one location where the hazard is related to the flexural toppling mechanism. The findings of this study allow both policy makers and the technical officers of local enterprises to establish a more accurate geotechnical diagnosis with less risk of social and material damages.

Brazil is the third biggest producer of graphite worldwide and the graphite province Bahia-Minas, located in the state of Bahia, is the second-largest producer in the country. The study area is situated to the north of this province in the Tanque Novo-Ipirá Complex, within the Salvador-Curaçá Orogen, which is a member of the São Francisco Craton. The area is comprised of host rocks with occurrences of graphite such as schists, marbles, and granulites as well as country rocks characterized by quartzites, calc-silicate rocks, marbles, and iron formations. The petrographic analysis supported by MEV/EDS indicates two generations of graphite: the first one, connected to the graphitization process generated by metamorphism (syngenetic), exhibit flakes with three distinct associations related to the greenschist, amphibolite, and granulite facies in which the host rocks were subjected; and the second generation, is related to the percolation of fluids (epigenetic) due to retrograde metamorphism in the greenschist facies that promoted the deposition of graphite in venules or as a result of carbonation. The graphite bodies show a high content of graphite Fixed Carbon (FC), analyzed by LECO infrared, ranging from 8.60 to 14.82wt% and they occur in two distinct lithologies: aluminous and carbonate. The geochemical characteristics of the host and country rocks indicate sedimentary protoliths with signatures influenced by diagenetic alterations and detrital input in a marine paleoenvironment. However, they were not sufficient to change the anomalies of Ce/Ce* = 0.64 to 1.49 that alongside the ratios of U/Th = 0.04 to 1.30, suggest a paleoenvironment dominantly oxide. Despite not possessing the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content, the analysis of BC with P/Ti, Ba/Ti, Ni, and Cu still carries correlations that denote the deposition of organic matter in a context of high paleoproductivity of the paleobasin. This depositional setting combining with the phosphorus anomalies in the country rocks, deposited during the Paleoproterozoic in an oxide paleoenvironment, suggest that the deposition of organic matter that originates the graphite might be related to the increase in paleoproductivity generated following the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), which culminated in the first major phosphogenesis event in the geological record.

The Urucuia Aquifer System (UAS) is a hydraulic unit interrelated to the lithostratigraphic units of the Urucuia Group. They correspond, indistinctly, to the Aquifers: (i) Posse (intergranular porosities) and; (ii) Serra das Araras (intergranular porosities and, locally, fissures). In hydrogeology; the porosity, permeability and hydraulic conductivity characterize the rocks regarding the storage, transmission and flow of fluids in aquifers. The methods for determining these properties were applied to five geophysical well logs and to grain-size analysis in twelve sediment samples. Additionally, the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the UAS were characterized by analyzing the geophysical logs to obtain the vertical (Kz) and horizontal (Kx) hydraulic conductivity and the anisotropy ratio (Kx/Kz). In this context, the Posse and Serra das Araras Aquifers present contrasting sedimentological, petrophysical and hydrodynamic properties according to the trend from ENE (source area) to WSW (depositional area). In this direction, there is: (i) increase in shaliness (VSH) in the Posse Formation with depth and decrease in total porosity (φ) due to mechanical infiltration of clays (pseudomatrix of aeolian sandstones). The effective porosity (φe) and intrinsic permeability (ƙ) increase due to greater selection of sediments; (ii) in the Serra das Araras Formation there is a decrease in VSH in its extension, due to clayey infiltration into the underlying unit. In the central-eastern portion of the hydrogeological basin there is a decrease in the mean values of φ, φe and ƙ due to the higher frequency and thickness of silicified sandstone levels. In principle, petrophysical parameters characterize the Posse and Serra das Araras Aquifers, which are permoporous, contiguous and segmented by silicified aquitars that provide leakege between the lithostratigraphic units. The grain-size analysis allowed to obtain the porosity from the equations Wang et al., (2017) and exponential regression 𝜑w, which were consistent and confirmed the values obtained in the literature. The application of the equation of Vukovic & Soro (1992) and exponential regression 𝜑vs overestimated the porosity of the UAS. Permeability and hydraulic conductivity are valid (i.e., SAU characterized by fine to medium sands, moderately selected and uniformity coefficient (U) less than 1) as applied to the equations: (i) Slitcher; (ii) United State Bureau of Reclamation (USBR); (iii) Kozeny-Carman and (iv) Hazen. Respectively, the permeability (k) is between 10-12 to 10-9 m2 and the hydraulic conductivity (K) between 10-5 to 10-2 m/s; the second with k between 10-11 to 10-10 m2 and K around 10-4 to 10-3 m/s, and the last two k between 10-10 to 10-9 m2 and K between 10-3 and 10-2 m/s. The Beyer and Terzaghi equations cannot be considered because k and K are overestimated. The analysis of heterogeneity and anisotropy indicates that (i) the Posse Formation is conditioned by the presence of a clayey pseudomatrix that characterizes heterogeneities in aeolian sandstones, and the anisotropy ratio between 4.62 to 11.34; (ii) the Serra das Araras Formation has heterogeneity due to the diagenetic processes involved (ie, silicified sandstones), and in the central portions of the basin, an anisotropy ratio around 1.02, and, in the eastern and western extremes, higher ratios to 1.

The use of X-rays began in 1895, by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Initially it was used for medical studies,

until in 1912 Max Von Laue applied the technique on crystals, discovering X-ray diffraction. Soon a

powerful tool for scientific studies was obtained, which guided the discoveries of all structures known

to date. Qualitative analysis by X-ray diffraction started from Bragg's studies, where it was determined

that when a monochromatic X-ray beam falls on a crystalline material, the phenomenon of diffraction

occurs. Thus, to analyze the crystalline phases that are present in an analyzed powder, a diffractogram

is made, which is a graph of observed intensity. With the diffractogram the peaks of maximum intensity

are calculated. The Rietveld method was created in 1969 by Hugo. M Rietveld, was initially designed

to refine the interpretation of diffractogram data generated from neutron diffraction. The method allows

the calculation of the standard diffractogram of a given sample through an algorithm with a diffraction

pattern suitable for the phase to be studied, applying for this the method of least squares. Thus,

comparing the experimental peaks obtained in the unknown sample and the pattern of calculated points,

it is possible to identify the unit cell of the crystallographic structure. Some of these values can be found

in articles that report similar structures. The classical petrographic study of kimberlites is hampered by

the presence of exotic mineralogy, xenoliths, xenocrystals, and little-known minerals of mantle origin.

Furthermore, the geochemistry of these volatile rocks favors the late processes of serpentinization,

carbonatization and oxidation, transforming the exposed rocks on the surface and often making it

impossible to correctly identify the mineral phases present in the sample. For these reasons, the

refinement of X-ray diffraction analysis using the Rietveld method is a powerful tool in the petrographic

interpretation of exotic and altered mineralogy rocks. Such information is essential for a better

understanding of the nature and genesis of this important mineral prospect. This study aims to apply the

Rietveld quantification method through X-ray diffraction analysis in the total-powder method to broaden

the understanding of the petrography of Lamproíto Aroeira. For this, the software that

DIFRAC.TOPPAS will be used in the laboratory of X-ray mineral technology (LAPAG). The work

methodology developed in this study focused on the selection of two representative samples of

Lamproíto Aroeira, these two samples were laminated in three orthogonal directions, thus obtaining 6

thin-polished blades and 6 tablets of these same fractions, which were ground and generated the powder

analyzed by DRX. Thus, the study of petrography together with the application of the Rietveld method

in its respective powder gave a greater reliability to petrographic descriptions and thus help the

identification of exotic and serpentinized phases.

Abstract. The combination of rock rock and biofertilization technologies can be used, in a combined way, to increase the availability of nutrients and to revitalize soils in tropical regions. This work aims to present, particularly for the Bahian agricultural sector, a compilation and analysis of the state of the art on these two technologies - which represent sustainable alternatives to enable soil remineralization. For that, we used: a) analysis and interpretation of available databases, aiming at identifying areas with potential occurrences of multinutrient silicate rocks and the demand of remineralizers in the State; b) compilation of knowledge related to agronomic efficiency tests of remineralizers, and c) association of the concepts of remineralizers and biofertilization, discussing the mechanisms through which the combination of these two technologies can accelerate the release of nutrients to the soil. Throughout the work, the advantages of using these techniques were analyzed and demonstrated, as well as the benefits to plants and, by extension, to the food produced, to living beings and, mainly, to the environment. It is important to highlight that the combination of these techniques is capable of promoting the maintenance of soil fertility over time and reducing expenses with imported inputs.

Despite having a delicate ecological balance, the sandy beaches have not been recognized as priority areas for conservation. For a large part of the population that frequents the coastal areas, the sandy beaches appear to be a biologically poor system and valued only for its landscape and recreation aspects. The intense recreational use of beaches and the disorderly occupation of the post-beach area increase the impacts on these environments, altering the deposition of sediments, hindering the displacement of biota and increasing erosive processes, compromising ecosystem functionality. Given this context, it is necessary to carry out studies of indicators that promote staggered coastal management, preserving the balance of ecosystems and maintaining their services, including those considered essential for a human species.. Thus, the present work was divided into two stages. The first aimed to discuss how geoenvironmental processes, such as morphodynamic and climatic ones, act on the biodiversity of sandy beaches and how these phenomena can influence the ecosystem balance and the provision of its services. the state of the art of the aforementioned theme, which reinforced, as shown by the results, that the sandy beach, in addition to being a space for recreation and leisure, is also a delicate ecosystem and that its biodiversity is highly exposed, both to physical and climatic factors, regarding anthropogenic impacts. In the second stage, a survey was carried out with the objective of indicating ecological and use limits for the sandy beaches, using Imbassaí Beach as a model. Ten ecological indicators were analyzed, ranging from aesthetic and bathing conditions to the study of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Wave modeling and sediment transport were also evaluated. The results indicated that the sandy beach is affected by coastal dynamics and that its ecosystems have characteristics that favor the maintenance of important services such as support, regulation and production, which increase the quality of services provided to the human species itself, such as recreation and leisure. However, due to the perspective of increased use and occupation of the post-beach, as well as the panorama of future climate changes, especially the rise in sea level, it is necessary to formulate a coastal development model that integrates sandy beaches and that respects the load capacity and its resilience limits. Understanding that beaches are dynamic ecosystems, sensitive to human interference is essential, not only for the conservation of these environments, but also to ensure an orderly occupation of the coastal zone and the quality of services provided by sandy beaches to their users.

The Recôncavo Basin (BR) is located at southern portion of the rift system Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobrá, specifically at the east side of Bahia. It shows NE-SW orientation and is structurally controlled by faults: (i) longitudinal N000-010, faults system (SF) of Maragogipe flexural border, and N030°-040° SF of Salvador edge and (ii) transversal N090°-100°, SF of Barra and N120°-N130° regarding to SF of transference. The Mata-Catu Fault System (SFMC), the main aim of this work, has an orientation of N150 ° -160 °, which is suggested to be a clearly structural discrepancy not easily explained mechanically by the models published of rift opening by E-W and NW-SE extensions. In addition, this system controls BR's significant hydrocarbon (HC) concentrations. Thus, this work sought to perform a detailed structural analysis of SFMC, in order to correlate under basin basement’s structures with those from the basin. For that, it was necessary to make a bibliographic review of the structures present in BR and its foundation, carry out field activities throughout the SFMC and analyze gravimetric and aeromagnetic anomaly maps. The result can be is explained according to two hypothesis for the structural inherence of the basement in the trend of the SFMC: (i) a swarm of mafic dikes from the Coastal Province of Bahia, dated 0.92 Ga and (ii) the suture zone between two tectonic blocks. Both possibilities could be crucial for understanding of this system. Especially regarding to fluid percolation and crustal thermal input which have fundamental importance for HC maturation.

The Serra de Jacobina is located northeast of Bahia state, Brazil. It consists of a 250-km-long, N-S mountain chain at the eastern border of the Gavião-Lençóis paleoplate and corresponds to the Contendas-Mirante-Jacobina Lineament northern portion. There are several structurally controlled Au-bearing quartz veins hosted by metasedimentary rocks of the siliciclastic Jacobina Group and Vale do Coxo metaultramafic rocks exploited by artisanal miners. Four of these occurrences, named Maravilha, Jaqueira, Morro da Palmeirinha and Mina Velha were mapped. They are hosted by two fault systems of Paleoproterozoic age, named from east to west, Pindobaçu and Maravilha. The Pindobaçu fault system is a transcrustal structure and represents the contact between the Gavião-Lençóis and Mairi paleoplates. The Maravilha fault system is a shallower structure limited to the upper crust. Mineralized veins are hosted by second order structures related to these two fault systems. The hydrothermal alteration varies according to the host rock. Disseminated sericitic alteration is widespread within Jacobina Group quartzites and conglomerates, probably replacing clay minerals. At Vale do Coxo schists, the alteration is pervasive, with chlorite replacing biotite, and of the fracture-filling fracture type as quartz veins. Sulfidation is subordinated to the sericitic alteration, both at quartzites and schists from the Jacobina Group and Vale do Coxo, respectively. Gold occurs like isolated crystals within quartz veins or subordinated to sericitic and/or sulfidation assemblages at host rocks. Petrography and fluid inclusion microthermometry revealed three main types, with subtypes, of fluids (density and salinity, expressed as g/cm³ and wt. % NaCl eq. respectively): (i) Type WC, two-phase H₂O+CO₂+NaCl fluid occurs at Maravilha (bulk density 0.7-1.0 , salinity 0.6-11.1) and Jaqueira (bulk density 0.8-1.0, salinity 2.0-14.2); (ii) Type W, two-phase H₂O +NaCl or three-phase H₂O +NaCl+solid fluid, subtypes We (density 0.6-0.9, salinity 0.8-17.9) and Wh (density 1.1-1.2, salinity 30.9-35.7) at Jaqueira, subtype Wmp (density 0.6-0.9, salinity 0.8-17.9) at Morro da Palmeirinha, vapor rich subtype Wmv (density 0.6-0.9, salinity 13.4-21.1) at Mina Velha, and subtype Wl (density 0.8-1.1, salinity 0.2-20.9) which occurs at Jaqueira, Morro da Palmeirinha and Mina Velha; (iii) Type C, dark color, one- or two-phase CO₂-CH₄ and/or N₂ fluid (Tm CO₂ -57.0 to -58.2°C, Th CO₂ 4.4 to 23.2°C) which occurs at Maravilha and Morro da Palmeirinha. At Jaqueira, combined microthermometric results with chlorite geothermometry, reveals that the hydrothermal alteration and gold deposition occurs with P-T conditions of 1.6-2.0 kbar and 303-346°C. The main mechanisms of gold deposition were fluid immiscibility and fluid-rock interaction. The hydrothermal mineralization at Serra de Jacobina is interpreted as an orogenic mineral system and the following elements were characterized: (1) The production of orogenic fluids with variable composition; (2) the fault systems in a compression-driven fluid flow type are conduits and driver; (3) the inductors of gold precipitation were fluid immiscibility and fluid-rock interaction.

The outcrop of the Paciência’s beach, in Salvador city, is located in the geotectonic setting of the São Francisco’s Craton, more specifically in the extreme south of the Salvador-Esplanada-Boquim Belt (CSEB). In this work, a study was realized in two of the metamorphic lithotypes present in the outcrop: garnet - orthopyroxene granulites and sapphirine granulites. The first consists of garnet and orthopyroxene porphyroblasts surrounded by a matrix formed by plagioclase + biotite ± K-feldspar ± quartz ± chlorite, in addition to zircon, apatite and sericite as traces. Simplectites between orthopyroxene + spinel + cordierite ± garnet occur at the rims of porphyroblasts or dispersed in the matrix. The sapphirine granulites are presented under three lithofacies: now formed by garnet porphyroblasts containing inclusions of sillimanite, sapphirine, mesoperthite and quartz, bordered by simplectites between orthopyroxene + spinel + cordierite and matrix formed by plagioclase + biotite ± K-feldspar ± quartz ± chlorite ± myrmekite; sometimes as simplectites between orthopyroxene + sapphirine + spinel + cordierite surrounded by a matrix of biotite + plagioclase + cordierite ± K-feldspar ± quartz ± chlorite; or as simplectites between orthopyroxene + sapphirine, where garnet can occur included in sapphirine and spinel in the center of the simplectites, this arrangement being surrounded by a matrix of biotite ± chlorite. Zircon, apatite and opaque can occur as traces in the three lithofacies. Mineral chemistry studies have indicated that, in garnet - orthopyroxene granulites, garnet is a solid solution dominated by the almandine - pyrope pair, with molar% content ranging between alm52-55 and prp40-43 in the core, and alm55-60 and prp28- 39 at the rims. XMg in garnet ranged from 0.45 to 0.37 and 0.64 - 0.69 in orthopyroxene. Al content in orthopyroxene ranged between 0.43 and 0.30 apfu in porphyroblasts, with values decreasing from the core towards the rims, while in simplectites between 0.35 and 0.26 apfu. Plagioclase porphyroblasts shows values of An43-19, and for the grains of the matrix between An40-31. In the sapphirine granulites, the garnet had contents of alm48-51 and prp44-45. XMg in garnet ranged between 0.46 - 0.48, in orthopyroxene 0.74 - 0.77 and sapphirine 0.82 - 0.87. Al content for orthopyroxene varied between 0.27 - 0.40 apfu. Thermobarometric studies on garnet - orthopyroxene granulites resulted in conditions of metamorphic peak of P ~ 1.04 GPa and T ~ 1016 °C, associated in this work with the Dn deformation phase of Salvador. It is suggested that the following steps of decompression and cooling Dn + 1, yielding the simplectites and reequilibrated the matrix, furthering the consumption of mineral phases by biotite ± chlorite during the late cooling phase. For this late phase, the calculated T break resulted in 616.5 - 770.7 ° C, by orthopyroxene - sapphirine thermometry. It is believed that the diffusion between Fe-Mg acted intensely during the late cooling stage in the safirina granulites sample, so that the results obtained for the pseudoseections showed up to be unreliable. However, reaction microstructures and petrogenetic grid suggest that these lithotypes crossed the P-T paths after a metamorphic peak of near-isothermal decompression.

Contamination by toxic metals present in the soil of the municipality of Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil is a topic widely discussed by the scientific community and local news, especially in recent years. The evolution of research on the subject began in 1980, with the environmental monitoring carried out by Tavares (1990), in an attempt to expose the scenario of lead and cadmium contamination in soils and in a group of residents considered to be at high risk (women and children) ) and, through this, proved that the level of these metals in samples of soil and human material were above the limit proposed by law. To assess the quality of a contaminated soil, specific criteria and guidelines are necessary, respecting the heterogeneity of this resource. The use of guiding values from other countries can cause geochemical interpretations not consistent with the local reality. The National Environment Council brought, through resolution 420/2009, the appropriate methodology for assessing soil quality, regarding the presence of chemicals of anthropic origin and must be carried out based on Guiding Values of Quality Reference, of Prevention and Research. The study area is located in the former facilities of Plumbum Mineração e Metalurgia. The objective of this research is to evaluate a series of published works, a total of 20 (twenty), which were carried out on surface soils during the period from 1980 to 2019 in the municipality of Santo Amaro, considering that the existence of toxic metals in the soil are serious risks to public health and the environment. The applied methodology is restricted to Bibliographic Research and was divided into 4 (four) distinct phases, having as main indicators the period of publication and the fact that it marked a new phase in the research on the contamination of these soils. Finally, geostatistics is applied to analytical data for toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, As and Ag) from the Plumbum Mineração e Metalurgia website provided by the CPRM-RJ and IGEO-UFBA partnership. The concentrations reveal average, minimum and maximum values for lead (Pb) 2,611.4, 179.5 and 12,500 mg / Kg; cadmium (Cd) 43.9, 4 and 230mg / Kg; zinc (Zn) 440, 81 and 2,399mg / Kg; copper (Cu) 115.6, 20 and 716mg / Kg; arsenic (As) 18.3, 2 and 118mg / Kg and silver (Ag) 2.8, 0.1 and 11mg / Kg, respectively. The research shows that, over the years, especially after 2009, the background values for the Santo Amaro region have not yet been defined by environmental entities, which reflects the non-compliance with the legislation. The case of Santo Amaro contamination requires the definition of these values in order to build legislation aimed at monitoring these elements in the region's soils. The study by Santos et al. 2017 is the first step, following the specifications of regulation 420/2009, but without recognition by the competent bodies of the State. The monitoring program initiative proposed by CPRM in partnership with IGEO-UFBA, for the next 20 years in the region, aims to obtain results that contribute to the improvement of environmental quality and, consequently, a higher quality of life for the population of Santo Amaro.

Ostracods are present in all aquatic environments, in a large scale of time and space, from shallow lakes to
abyssal areas. Geographically and temporally present, with a carbonate carapace structure resistant to
fossilization processes and the existence of many post-Paleozoic families today, ostracods are important
bioindicators. The lower Cretaceous (Berriasian/ Rio da Serra Stage), marked by more intense tectonism and
humid climate, favored the installation of lakes with small river incursions such as Lake Itaparica (Itaparica
Formation), replaced by a fluvial-aeolian system (Formation Grande Water). The studies and scientific
publications of Itaparica Formation’s bioestratigraphy are rare, making it difficult to deepen the characterization
of the formation as well as its evolution. The study of the ostracods of the Itaparica Formation of the Recôncavo
Basin allowed the identification of four genera and seven different species of ostercods: Kegelina kegeli,
Kegelina bisculpturata, Kegelina armata, Kegelina depressa; Praecypridea acuta, Cypridea brevicornis,
Theriosynoecum fittoni, included in the biozone RT-002.2 of the Rio da Serra Stage. Five of these species have
been updated to their most recent reclassifications in relation to their original publications, from the genus
Cypridea to Kegelina and Cypridea to Praecypridea. The species of Theriosynoecum present in the formation,
previously understood as two distinct species, are understood in this work, as a variation of its ornamentation in
the carapace of Theriosynoecum fittoni. According to the lithological analysis of the drilling profiles, the
Itaparica formation is composed of siltstones, shales, sandstones and carbonates interspersed in a varied way
throughout the entire basin, presenting a greater siliciclastic contribution in the northeast region of the basin
interpreted as by river input. The present project has a partnership with the company Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. -
Petrobras, via ANP (National Petroleum Agency), providing technical support materials, availability of physical
space and participation of the project co-supervisor, mediator of the development of the study.

The Floresta Azul Alkaline Complex represents one of the batholiths of the South Bahia Alkaline Province. This complex has an area of 200 km , located in the northern part of this alkaline province and is intrusive in the granulite terrains of the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Orogen. It consists of two contemporaneous, but distinct, intrusions that have contact by fault: a syienitic localized on the west side of the batholith and a monzonitic intrusion on the east. A syenitic intrusion is formed by nepheline syenites miaskitics that were submitted to an autometasomatic process at the end of the magmatic evolution by different fluids (Cl, CO3, S). The textual and mineralochemical studies of the nepheline syenite identified a complex crystallization sequence that involves the magmatic stage (baddeleyite, zircon, pyrochlore, allanite, magnetite, ilmenite, apatite, aegirine-augite, hornblende, siderophyllite, albite, perthitic k-feldspar, nepheline and sodalite), autometasomatic (zircon-2, pyrochlore-2, apatite- 2, sodalite-2, cancrinite, calcite, pyrite, sphalerite and carbocernite) and hydrothermal (magnetite-2, ilmenite-2, titanite, monazite, ancylite, hydroxyfluorides, siderite, ankerite, stroncionite). The monazite presents in the rocks of the complex is formed by different processes and associated with apatite: in syenites by recrystallization, in monzonites by leaching and in phenites by exsolution. The textures in calcite crystals were the key to identify the stages: autometasomatic (calcite exsolve carbocernite) and hydrothermal (calcite recrystallized in ancylite and form siderite, ankerite and strontianite). Monzonitic intrusion presents an important volume of monzonitic and dioritic microgranular mafic enclaves. The  field relations (sin-plutonic dykes, like pillow structures, shapes and contacts of the enclaves), textural (acicular apatite, mineral zonations) and geochemical (linear evolutions), indicate the existence of a mixture between cogenetic mafic and felsic magmas in the formation of monzonitic intrusion. The rocks (monzonites and enclaves) have medium alkalinity, they are metaluminous and the elements outlined that these magmas are anorogenic with OIB type signature correlated a continental rift.

The west of the state of Bahia-Brazil, the largest agribusiness area in the state, is experiencing a progressive occupation since the 1980s, causing pressure on water resources, mainly after the introduction of irrigation, and already presenting conflicts between water users. The water resource has been the driving force behind agricultural activities, and given its strategic importance and the hydraulic coupling between rivers and aquifers, hydrological studies need analyzes that integrate the dynamics of surface and groundwater. This research presents a spatial and temporal analysis of the components of the water balance in order to understand the dynamics of the main water flows in the Arrojado, Formoso and Éguas watershed, tributaries of the Corrente river basin in Bahia, and their reflections in the groundwater levels of the Urucuia aquifer. The effects of the extraction of groundwater by wells in a portion of the Urucuia Aquifer System and the quantification of the components of the water balance were made using the simulation of groundwater flow in a stationary regime for three scenarios: i) without pumping; ii) with current pumping and; iii) with 60% more extraction by wells. After defining the production flows of the current wells (4.6 m3 s-1) and modeling the geometry of the aquifer base (maximum thickness of 535 m), the stationary models without pumping and with pumping show that, in long term, groundwater storage decreases by 2 km3 (average drop in the 0.8 m aquifer) without interference in the direction of regional flow. The mass balance shows that the base flow of the main rivers is reduced by approximately 6% after the current groundwater extraction and a further 2.5% after the increased extraction. Isotopic analysis was also used in conjunction with the numerical simulation of transient flow to describe the dynamics of the components of the water balance between 2005 and 2018. The isotopic analysis highlights the river-aquifer interaction, the effect of evapotranspiration on the recharge and the amount effect. The results show a progressive decrease in recharge between 2012 and 2017, the importance of EVPT in recharge calculations, and a decrease in rainfall, causing a decline in groundwater levels and the base flow of rivers (average river flows also come declining, reflecting joint actions to decrease base flow and direct withdrawal of water for irrigation), and suggests that effective recharges occur in high volume rains. The simulation also predicts that in the event of a 10% decrease in recharge, hydraulic loads and base flows take approximately a decade to rebalance. Considering that the exploitation of aquifers must be guided by the environmental sustainability of the water system in order to balance the pumping conditions and the mitigation of their consequences, the importance of continuous hydroclimatological monitoring and measurement of withdrawals becomes evident, aiming to follow the dynamics between demands and water availability. The results point to a greater impact of the exploitation of aquifers on rivers, caused by a reduction in storage and base flow.

The present work, entitled “Hydrogeophysics and solid urban waste: case studies in landfills in the southern portion of the São Sebastião aquifer system, RMS / BA” presents the results of the doctoral research of student Rogério de Jesus Porciúncula, in compliance with the requirements of the Pos-graduate Program in Geology, Federal University of Bahia, under the academic guidance of Professor Dr. Luiz Rogério Bastos Leal. There were two scientific articles published in Brazilian Journal of Geophysics: (i) the first, entitled “Geoelectric characterization for landfill implantation, in Simões Filho, Bahia, Brazil”, was made up of twelve vertical electrical soundings, two SPT soundings and one geological sounding composed the quantitative surveys and techniques used. Unidimensional inversions presented mean error of 4.1%. Bidimensional inversions presented 5.7% mean error. Lower-value geoelectrical facies were attributed to occurrences between the silt and clay fraction, while higher-value facies corresponded to occurrence between the silt and sand fraction. The hydrostratigraphic model included a confined aquifer, represented by a succession of alternating sandy and clayrich layers with subhorizontal contact. Moreover, water occurred in permeable porous layers, between depths of 40 and 50 m, approximately. Regarding the degree of compactness, soils were classified as medium to hard; and (ii) the second article, entitled “Hydrogeophysical characterization of the Marizal - São Sebastião aquifer system in the surrounding of the LIMPEC sanitary landfill, municipality of Camaçari, Bahia, Brazil”, revealed the occurrence of a conductivity anomaly, possibly attributed to the contamination plume, dispersed within the saturated zone, and presenting a SSE convection direction. The one-dimensional inversions allowed to interpret
the stratigraphic model. The two-dimensional inversions produced inverted geoelectrical profiles, with a mean error below 2%, and confirmed the occurrence of possible contamination plumes disseminated within the unsaturated zone and dispersed within the saturated zone. The geoelectrical facies with the highest resistivity values were related to the São Sebastião Formation, with intermediate values to the Marizal Formation, and the lowest values to contamination plumes and/or eventual occurrences of silt/clay. The porosity, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity parameters were estimated to be between 19.2 to 34.2%, 0.11 to 3.37 x10-3 cm /s and 4.7 to 145.6 m² / d, respectively; and the vulnerability of the local free aquifer was classified as high.

The granite-greenstone terrains of the Brumado region are inserted in the geotectonic macrounity of the São Francisco Craton, more specifically in the southern portion of the Gavião block, and represent the primitive substrate of the region, with Archaean age. Nine different lithotypes were identified: the Brumado Greenstone-belt, Gavião orthogneiss, monzogranitic orthogneiss, Caraguataí orthogneiss, metassienogranite, metagranodiorite, leucogranite, Serra da Franga granite and porphyritic metassienogranite. The objective of the present work was to carry out petrographic and geochemical studies (especially the ETRs standards) of granitogenesis and basement in the Brumado region, in addition to geochronological analyzes focusing on granitogenesis. It was possible to suggest that the metasienogranite is the result of partial fusion of monzogranitic orthogneiss (because it presents partial fusion relationships, same ETR pattern and same geochemical behavior of major elements and trace) and, leukogranite is a result of partial fusion of Gavião orthogneiss ( TTG Archean), when also analyzing this comparison of the behavior of the major elements and trace, in addition to the ETR standard. Both Serra da Franga granitoids, porphyritic metassienogranites and metagranodiorites are possibly intrusive granitoids in the final stages of formation of these lands. The study of the tectonic ambience of these lithotypes corroborated the results obtained through the analysis of the major elements, trace and ETRs, and revealed an intraplate origin for the syenogranite and the monzogranitic orthogneisses. The Gavião orthogneiss, together with leucogranite, revealed the same origin, that of a magmatic arc. Serra da Franga granitoid, metagranodiorite and porphyritic metassienogranite also have a magmatic arc origin, related to late intrusions common in these types of terrain. U-Pb analyzes were performed on zircon (LA-ICP-MS), on three intrusive granitoids in the BG: porphyritic metassienogranite, metagranodiorite and Serra da Franga granite from the region. The porphyritic metasienogranite showed a protolite crystallization age of 3216 ± 48 Ma indicating paleoarquean magmatism. The metagranodiorite revealed a crystallization age of 2697 ± 12 Ma, registering neoarquean magmatism, thus demonstrating the importance of a magmatic event of this age, since neoarquean granitoids occur in a small proportion in the state of Bahia. The Serra da Franga granitoid revealed an age of 2107 ± 27 Ma, corroborating with Riacian magmatism, in accordance with other intrusive bodies in the southern BG of similar ages. The obtained ages suggest the existence of paleoarquean and neoarquean magmatism in this sector of the Gavião block, in addition to intrusive paloproterozoic granitoids in this region.

The Neoproterozoic carbonate aquifers Salitre (Group Una), Sete Lagoas / Lagoa do Jacaré (Bambuí Group), Olhos d'água / Jacoca (Vaza-Barris / Miaba Group) of the State of Bahia, Brazil, are valuable groundwater reserves. These environments are areas of high economic interest for the purposes of human supply and also of agriculture and livestock due to the fertile soils, slightly uneven reliefs altitudes and reduced drainage surface. Due to this, the need for scientific research on the groundwater of these environments is validated. This study compares the hydrochemical characteristics of the karstic aquifers analyzed using basic and advanced statistical tools (analysis of variance, Tukey test, multiple regression and Spearman correlation), Qualigraf, Excel and PHREEQC software. For this, it was used hydrogeochemical data of tubular wells obtained from the groundwater information system of the Company of Research and Mineral Resources (CPRM), the SIAGAS. The results show differentiation between carbonate environments due to the concentration variation of Mg+ 2 and HCO3- elements. The Sete Lagoas / Lagoa do Jacaré Fm differ from the others due to mean of Ca+ 2 and differs from the Salitre Fm due to mean of SO4-2. Despite the specific chemical differences, the hydrogeochemical studies show that the Salitre Fm and the Sete Lagoas / Lagoa do Jacaré Fm have similar faciological characteristics, being classified mainly as bicarbonated calcium. These environments present a predominant influence of the chemical elements of lithological origin than aggregate rainfall components. The Olhos d'água / Jacoca Fm have different hydrophaciological characteristics being classified as mixed calcium and chlorinated chlorides. Due to the high content of Cl-, it is suggested a greater influence of the semi-arid climate than chemical elements of lithological origin.

The coastal plains are flat relief landscapes, usually intersected by fluvial channels with flow influenced by the tidal regime. In these environments, the effects of climate change on extremes of precipitation and sea level, associated with the densification and expansion of urban occupancies along the low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ), will increase the frequency of natural disasters of hydrological origin, as well as the damage caused by river floods, requiring the adaptation of coastal cities. This article deals with the relevance of ecosystem services as a means of controlling river flood risks induced by the effects of climate change in coastal cities, adopting a multivariate approach that portrays the contribution of the hydrological and coastal processes involved. By comparing the risks of river flooding in different scenarios designed according to the climate trends and soil cover patterns of the Jaguaribe river basin and conjugated (JRBC), located in the city of Salvador, capital of the State of Bahia, Brazil, it was possible: (i) to deduce the impact of climate change on the hydrological and hydraulic behavior of natural floods in coastal areas; and (ii) to assess the impact of the loss of natural ecosystems on the risks of river flooding on an urbanized coastal plain. Throughout the 21st century, climate change could increase the risk of fluvial flooding in LECZ of JRBC by about 21% - growth of approximately R$ 910,000 in expected annual damage between 2010 and 2100 -, with intensification of precipitation extremes, the main factor responsible for this growth. By the end of the 21st century, the loss of natural ecosystems could mean increases in the risk of flooding corresponding to 31% (suppression of the Atlantic Forest) or 120% (removal of wetlands) from the increase due to climate change. The wetlands and downstream artificial ponds compensate the loss of some of the benefits provided by the Atlantic Forest, which reduces the impact of forest suppression on flood risks in LECZ. The increase in the damages caused by the suppression of the Atlantic Forest or wetlands will be more significant in the floods of greater frequency, a consequence of the hydrological sensitivity of the ecosystem services to the rainfall volumes produced by the extremes of precipitation. The use of ecosystem services is a strategy that assumes importance for the urban stormwater management in coastal cities, especially in the context of planning aimed at increasing urban resilience according to a holistic perspective of the impacts of climate change. However, ecosystem-based adaptation is not a "no regrets" strategy because its effectiveness in mitigating the risk of river flooding in coastal plains requires the compensation of the hydrological sensitivity of natural ecosystems through association with conventional engineering solutions, and the proper positioning of these ecosystems within the river basin.

The mafic-ultramafic body in Campo do Meio’s Farm, located in the city of Marcionílo Souza, state of Bahia, is characterized as an asymmetrical body with 1300x500m and eastwest orientation. It is inserted in the São Francisco Craton, more precisely in the Jequié Block, intruded among the chonockitic granulitic encasers. Lithographically, the body shows inverted stratigraphy, being composed of peridotites (dunite, harzburgite and lherzolite) pyroxenites (olivine-ortopyroxenite, olivine websterite, websterite, pyroxenite hornblende and pyroxene hornblendite) and hornblende gabronorite as mafic representative. Ultramafic rocks present varying degrees of serpentination, as well as post-magmatic processes of chloritization and thallification. However, the primary textures were not completely obliterated, thus preserving the igneous nature of the body, exhibiting primary paragenesis represented by forsterite / chrysolite, spinel (hercinite / magnetite), enstatite, augite and magnesium-hbl. In mafic rock, the deformation was more expressive with paragenesis formed by magnesium-hbl, diopside and labradorite. The binary diagrams of larger elements, trace elements and rare earths show that in spite of the post-magmatic events that affected the rocks, there was no significant interference in the original rocks, where they present olivine and orthopyroxene as the main controlling phases fractionation of ultramafic rocks. From the lithochemical data, the body is characterized with an intrusion of continental toleitic nature and affinities with komatiitic magmas. In geotermobarometric data it is verified that the crystallization temperature of the body was 1325 to 1704ºC and metamorphic rebalancing temperatures were 869ºC with pressure around 4 to 4.5 kbar, compatible with the pressure data for the granulitic nesting rocks. The data of this article will be published in the Journal of Research in Geosciences (UFRGS), as a basic requirement for the master's degree in the Graduate Program of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA).

The sequence stratigraphy applied to rifte basins consists of an adaptation of the classic model that is in full consolidation phase. The guiding principles of sequence stratigraphy are applied in any sedimentation context. They are fundamental to understanding the depositional history of a basin. The present work had as objective to study the seismic stratigraphy framework of Tucano Sul basin under the bias of sequence stratigraphy applied to rifte basins in order to correlate this study with the Recôncavo basin. From the integration of the seismic sections associated to the data of 15 wells (geophysical and lithological profiles) the data were processed in the IHS Kindle seismic interpretation software. The seismic stratigraphic analysis involved the interpretation of reflector terminations, definition of the seismostratigraphic units from the mapping of key surfaces as well as the characterization of the major seismic facies. As a result, five seismostratigraphic units were identified according to the model adopted here: Pre-rift unit, Rifte 1, Rifte 2, Rifte 3 and Post-rift unit. Five seismic facies were defined, SF1 to SF5, each with its characteristic parameters. At the end, a discussion was proposed about the seismostratigraphic correlation with the Recôncavo basin. For the rifte interval, Tucano Sul presented a seismostratigraphic sequence less than the Recôncavo basin, indicating an important erosive event during its development.

This study proposes to use spectral analysis techniques (Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering - MTMF and Spectral Angle Maper - SAM) using images from the Sentinel-2 sensor to guide the discrimination and delimitation of iron rich sites in the intracontinental sector of the Araçuaí Orogen -Owest Congo. This sector comprises the folding and riding belts of the Serra do Espinhaço do Norte and Chapada Diamantina, both developed at Ediacarano. For this work two iron ore (hematite and goethite) extraction areas were selected in Caetité and Piatã, located respectively in these belts, in the state of Bahia. At these sites, rock samples were collected for petrographic, geochemical and spectorradiometric analyzes to guide the search for other targets for iron ore prospecting in the region.

The geological evolution of the São Francisco Craton (CSF), in the State of Bahia, is evidenced by Archean and Paleoproterozoic lands, by metasedimentary and sedimentary coverings, besides the mafic magmatism whose origin corresponds to the Meso-Neoproterozoic. In Bahia, the CSF was structured by the amalgamation of four Archean crustal segments: the Gavião Block (BG), the Serrinha Block (BS), the Jequié Block (BJ) and the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Block (BISC). In this context, the rare records of occurrences of alkaline magmatism in the State of Bahia date from the Archean to the Neoproterozoic. In the Jaguaquara region, the focus of this study, these rocks comprise one of the alkaline igneous occurrences in the Center-South portion of the State of Bahia, inserted in rocks of the Jequié Complex located in the homonymous block, close to the transition with the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Belt.. The objective of this study is to proceed to the geological mapping of the anomalous magnetic zone, which at first is related to the existence of the alkaline rocks of the Jaguaquara region and their granulitic nesting. Thus, the fieldwork aided by petrography allowed the individualization of two sets of lithophages, the first alkaline composed by: Metasienite, Albitated Metasienite, Quartz-Syenite, Albitrated Quartz-Syenite and Albitite, and the second comprising the enclosing rocks, in its granulitic essence divided into: Kinzigitos, Grunerita-Gondito, Bandada Ferrous Formation, Tremolithito, all of origin of dererivatives and the Enderbites, Charnoenderitus and Charnockitos of orthoderivative origin. Based on lithogeochemistry, alkaline lithofacies are classified as quartz monozonite syenites, predominantly peralcaline. The parallelism observed between the ETR and multi-element lithofacies spectra indicates that the alkaline rocks are cogenetic and possibly reflect the geochemical signature of the magma generating source. Tectonic classification diagrams for the alkaline rocks of Jaguaquara suggest that the lithotypes are late post-orogenic. Finally, the lithogeochemistry allowed a better understanding of the geological processes acting in both the alkaline lithotypes and the embedded rock protoliths, being important for the understanding of the role of tectonics and metamorphism of the study area.

Shoreline protection is one of the most relevant ecosystem services delivered by coral reefs. However, knowledge on this process is still quite fragmented in current literature, with important gaps regarding how this service is delivered by these ecosystems in the face of climate change scenarios. The overall objective of the present project was to generate scenarios of changes to shoreline protection by coral reefs in the Archipelago of Tinharé-Boipeba, BA, based on sea-level rise projection due to climate change. Coastal dynamics modelling was conducted using the set of computational tools within the coastal modelling system SMC-Brasil. Fringing coral reefs showed high efficiency in attenuating wave energy even under energetic conditions during high tides in the current scenario. SMC-Brasil was also used to model sea-level rise scenarios for the horizon years of 2070 and 2100. The values found were 6 mm/year in the conservative scenario and 8 mm/year in the pessimistic scenario. These sea-level rise rates were used in the coastal erosion and flooding vulnerability model from the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) software in scenarios with and without coral reefs, so to qualitatively evaluate the contribution of this ecosystem. The archipelago was classified as intermediately vulnerable currently, with several socioeconomically important areas becoming highly vulnerable if coral reefs are unable to deliver shoreline protection. Coastal management strategies should seek to increase coral reef resilience by reducing local impacts. Moreover, environmental and socioeconomic data should be more available to allow evidence-based decision-making. Finally, international coral reef monitoring protocols should include geomorphological information in addition to biological data

The Irecê Sub-Basin is formed by carbonate and siliciclastic Neoproterozoic sequences deposited in marine environment and mapped as Salitre Formation (Una Group, São Francisco Supergroup). Among the various mineral occurrences found in this basin are the deposits of phosphate and zinc-lead sulfide. The use of cartographic products obtained by integrating spectral and aerogeophysical (gamma spectrometric) data for the discrimination of geological units has shown good results. Some studies show that both reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing images are efficient for the qualitative and semi-quantitative distinction of the spectral reflectance of the various geological materials and that gamma-spectrometric data indicate geophysical patterns associated to lithostratigraphic units. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the spatial distribution of the lithostratigraphic units in the Irecê sub-basin by associating Remote Sensing data (Landsat and Sentinel images) and Geophysical data (40K, 238U and 232Th counts images). In the map of gammaspectrometric variables it was observed that a important part of the studied area is characterized by intermediate values for the three elements, expected behavior in sedimentary rocks due to grain size and ease of weathering and leaching processes. The ternary map compared to the geological map, showed a strong correlation in the separation of the units. The Landsat - 8 and Sentinel - 2A images, acquired on the Google Earth Engine platform, in which all data processing was developed, were used for the spectral analyses. The signatures obtained by spectral indexes, have their contours similar to some geological units mapped by reference maps. The Sentinel - 2a images presented more detailed data of the lithofacies by possessing spatial and spectral with higher resolutions than the data of the series Landsat - 8, in the near infrared visible. The integration of geophysical and remote sensing data was performed by the Random Forest classifier, which identified clusters of spectral and geophysical variables associated with the main lithologic types of the sub-basin. For the homogenization of classes in the images, the Majority filter was used, which allowed to unify distortion pixels, reducing the noise and raising the visual quality of the maps. Statistical criteria were used to evaluate and compare the accuracy of the classification map, which showed that the commission error moderate for most units, with values between 30% and 39%. Already the error of omission of the classes Pecb1, Quartz Shaft, QC, Un B1 was superior to 70%. At the end of the search for the most appropriate model based on the data, a statistically correct rate was obtained, ranging from 69% to 71%. The results of the two types of accuracy were concordant, indicating that the classifications are considered very good. However, the classification using Sentinel - 2A images presented a slightly better result when compared with the Landsat - 8 image. The study demonstrated satisfactory results for the integration of satellite images and geophysical data using the Random Forest classifier in the Google Earth Engine platform and a litho-spectral and geophysical model was proposed for the Irecê Sub-basin. Although our study focuses on this sub-basin, the developed methodology can be applied in other regions of similar geological environment.

Leucogranites and S-type granites are magmas formed by the melting of metasediments and are closely associated with the continent-to-continent collision. In the Macururé Domain, located in the Sergipano Orogenic System, in the south of the Borborema Province, several leucogranite intrusions occur. The Glória Sul Stock is the most representative intrusion of this type of magmatism and consists essentially of biotite granites, granites with biotite and muscovite, muscovite granites. In the first two types of granites, there are microgranular syenitic enclaves. The geochemistry of these granites indicates that they were formed by fusion of igneous rocks. . However, the geochemical evolution in the Glória Sul Stock indicates that its rocks were formed from the mixture of shoshonitic mafic magma, represented by the microgranular syenitic enclaves, with felsic magma, probably from a crustal source. The comparison between the geological, petrographic and geochemical data available for the leucogranite intrusions of the Macururé Domain revealed that there are two sets of bodies based on age and texture. The oldest leucogranites, with ages of crystallization varying from 613-635 Ma, as is the case of Glória Sul Stock, does not exhibit deformation and is the most abundant group. Younger leucogranites, with crystallization ages ranging from 571-590 Ma, correspond to gneisses and are located in the eastern part of the Macururé Domain. Regardless of age, leucogranites have similar geochemical compositions and correspond to strongly evolved (> 70% SiO2) rocks, peraluminous, magnesian, with a calcium-alkaline geochemical signature. These same geochemical data suggest that these leucogranites were formed by magmas with close compositions, from the fusion of igneous protoliths in a collision environment.

Field, petrographic, lithogeochemical, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology, and Nd and Sr isotopic data were used to determine the geologic evolution, timing of volcanism and tectonic setting of the Mundo Novo greenstone belt (MNGB) including nearby units, such as the basement and younger granitic rocks in the eastern São Francisco Craton (NE Brazil). TIMS Pb-Pb geochronologic data allow determination of the timing and genesis of the Fazenda Coqueiro volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn-Pb deposit (FC) hosted in the MNGB. The basement of the greenstone belt (Gavião Block) comprises tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite orthogneisses, migmatites and subordinate metarhyolites and metagranites. The MNGB is divided into three lithological sequences: (i) the lowermost unit (metakomatiites); (ii) the middle unit (metabasalts, metadacites and metasedimentary chemical rocks); and (iii) the uppermost unit (metasedimentary siliciclastic rocks). Additionally, two Rhyacian-Orosirian granitic plutons occur in the area, the Areia Branca and Jequitibá metagranites. The metabasalt hosts two hydrothermal alteration zones in the FC: one carbonate, hosting massive sulfides composed mainly of sphalerite and galena; and the other argillic/chloritic, hosting mainly disseminated chalcopyrite. U-Pb zircon data from the Miguel Calmon and Fazenda Coqueiro metagranites in the Gavião Block yield crystallization ages of 3355 ± 16 Ma and 3227 ± 23 Ma, respectively, and both metagranites were derived from the lower continental crust based on low 87Sr/86Sri values (0.699 and 0.705, respectively) and negative values of ƐNd(t) (-3.7 and -3.6, respectively). The 2595 ± 21 Ma U-Pb zircon crystallization age of the metadacites allowed the determination of the timing of ocean floor volcanism in the middle sequence of the MNGB. The 2106 ± 71 Ma and 1975 ± 36 Ma U-Pb zircon crystallization ages for the Areia Branca and Jequitibá metagranites, respectively, which are both interpreted as derived from crustal protoliths based on high 87Sr/86Sri values (0.744 and 0.730, respectively) and negative values of ƐNd(t) (-7.7 and -6.5, respectively), record a Rhyacian-Orosirian tectonothermal event that affected the MNGB and the adjoining region. Pb-Pb sulfide data from the massive and disseminated zones in the FC yield a model age of approximately 2794 Ma sourced from the upper crust. The Pb-Pb crystallization age of 2747 ± 16 Ma was obtained from sphalerite and chalcopyrite samples from the massive and disseminated zones. Therefore, the following five stages are proposed for the tectonic evolution of the study region: stages (i) and (ii) were characterized by the establishment of the TTG basement by 3.35 Ga, when the Miguel Calmon granite was consolidated, followed by a rifting that formed the rhyolites, and subsequent granite formations occurred at 3.22 Ga (Fazenda Coqueiro granite formation), followed by the abort of the rift and a closure event. The volcanism during stage (iii) between 2.74 Ga and 2.59 Ga in the MNGB occurred in the oceanic crust between Archean cratonic blocks and related to FC genesis, and stages (iv) and (v) between 2.10 Ga and 1.97 Ga (granite formations) represent two stages of a progressive collision event in which the oceanic crust was compressed between the tectonic blocks from the eastern São Francisco Craton.

In the northern-central portion of the Sergipano Orogenic System there is an expressive Neoproterozoic granitic magmatism. These granites are, in part, medium- to high-k calc- alkaline and shoshonitic affinities. In the Macururé Domain (MD), the shoshonitic affinity plutons consist essentially of monzonites, with subordinate syenitic and granitic terms, and have crystallization ages between 588-631 Ma. In this plutonism, the volume of mafic enclaves is higher when compared to the calcalkaline magmatism of DM, being common to observe features that indicate coexistence and interaction between mafic and felsic magmas. In Gloria Norte Stock (GNS), the main representative of the shoshonitic plutons of MD, the enclaves are of three types: (i) mafic microgranular and (ii) minettes, which represent contemporary mafic magma pulses; and (iii) autolith, generated by the fragmentation of early cumulates, consisting predominantly of clinopyroxene.The mineral chemistry data and textural features observed in the amphiboles present in the mafic enclaves (MME) of GNS indicate that this is a primary phase that was rebalanced during the interaction between the basic-ultrabasic and intermediate magmas. Geochemical data show shoshonitic affinity (high K2O; alkali sum greater than 5%; K2O/Na2O > 1.22 and high Ba and Sr contents) for the monzonites and monzogranites studied, and ultrapotassic affinity (K2O> 3%, MgO> 3% and K2O/Na2O> 2) for MME. These rocks exhibit volcanic arc and post-collisional geochemical signature. Incompatible element enrichment and LREE-HREE fractionation show the need to consider an enriched mantle as a source of these magmas. Field and petrographic evidence, coupled with new geochemical, geochronological, and mineral chemistry data indicate that the ultrabasic and shoshonitic magmas were contemporary with granitic magmas, and that these magmas probably played an important role in the genesis of the granite.

Avaliação hidroquímica e isotópica das águas subterrânea do Aquífero Bambuí (Bahia, Brasil) 

The Itaparica Channel is located within the Todos os Santos Bay, the second largest bay in Brazil. The
channel presents smooth topography and NE-SW orientation, with a wider area to the north, which
becomes narrower to the south. Mangrove forests, tidal flats and sandbanks that are exposed during low
tides are found across the entire study area. Aquaculture, salt farms, shellfish gathering, and leisure
activities occur in the region. Habitat maps of the study area were developed based on the analysis of
images (photographs and satellite), data on superficial sediment and photo-quadrats. Statistical analyses
showed a good relationship between the physical and biotic means, indicating four benthic environments
as important descriptors of the biological patterns of the region, which were classified according to the
presence of algae and to the nature of the bottom. Despite the methodological limitations indicated and
navigational difficulties due to shallow waters, which increased the complexity of conducting field work,
the results obtained were very good since they allowed presenting the available information so far on the
habitats and communities that currently exist in the study area. The map generated accurately illustrates
the reality of the environment, making the best use of existing data. Moreover, the map can be used to
prevent and mitigate human impacts, monitor and define conservation actions, and evaluate the effects of
climate changes (sea-level rise) in the Itaparica Channel.

Da transição neoarqueano/paleoproterozoico ao estateriano: superposição de bacias na região Sudoeste do setor setentrional do orógeno Araçuaí

Due to the increasing use of groundwater, research is needed to assess both the quantity and the quality of the water for human consumption. Natural radioactive elements are less controllable, and may pose greater risks to the population due to the lack of knowledge. Therefore, a hydrogeochemical study of the isotopes 226Ra and 228Ra and of the radon gas in the area inserted in the Uraniferous Province of Lagoa Real is proposed, and covers the municipalities of Lagoa Real and Caetité, in the south-central part of the State of Bahia. The exploration of groundwater in the region is associated with fracture systems formed from multiple superimposed deformation phases. Uranium is an unstable element that has mainly two natural isotopes 235U and 238U, which form series of radioactive decay until it reaches its most stable form. From the 238U series are generated, among other elements, 226Ra and 222Rn. The other radioisotope, 228Ra is from the 232Th series. During the field camp, 22 wells of groundwater were sampled, in accordance with the collection and storage standards for chemical analyzes, including radionuclides radium and radon that are the focus of this study. Physicochemical parameters, which are determinants for water quality, were measured on site. It was also collected for isotopic analysis of δ 18O and δD, and later historical rainfall data were added as a comparative tool between these data. The classification of the waters can be compartmentalized with respect to the substrate. In the units that represent the Archean basement, majorly, occurs bicarbonated water either sodic or mixed. In the rocks that belong to the Lagoa Real Complex are, for the most part, chlorinated waters occur and vary from sodic, calcic or mixed. For the uranium results, the wells represented by acronyms AC-14 and AC-21 have a concentration of 0.10 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L respectively and exceed the maximum values allowed by CONAMA 396/2008 which is of 0.03mg/L. For radio-226, with an average concentration of 0.52 Bq/L, the well AC-10 with 1.03 Bq/L, exceeds the limit established by CONAMA for water potability. For radio-228, mean concentrations of 0.91 Bq/L, and the maximum value detected in the sample AC-08 with 2.92Bq/L, being above the limit in all wells sampled. And finally, for radon, as an average concentration of 184.5 kBq/m 3 , the well AC-08 with values higher than the RAD-07 meter which is 1187.2 kBq/m3 . Radio Isotopes are continuously released into groundwater through alpha recoil and their mobility increases in the presence of alkaline earth metal elements. The 222Rn does not form chemical compounds and when it is formed in the crystalline lattice it is easily removed and mobilized by diffusion and thus migrates easily through the cracks in the rocks. These elements are potentially harmful to human health and by contact with the body through the ingestion of contaminated water may develop some types of cancer due to absorption forms and related toxicities.

A water quality index (WQI) is a simple mathematical tool that allows the integration of complex water quality data into a range of numerical, synthetic, standardized and easy-to-interpret values and a guide to communicate the change in water quality and therefore direct its use. In Brazil, the most used WQI was adapted from what was developed by the National Sanitation Foundation of the United States, whose main focus is to assess the quality of water for public supply after conventional treatment. In the state of Bahia, reports that show the results of frequent monitoring of groundwater and the data presented in a synthetic and easily interpreted form are not published for public access, so that they can be useful to the various water users. In the present work, in order to evidence the concentration of pollutants and contaminants in the groundwater, a methodology of water quality index application was tested for aquifer areas influenced by industrial organic percolates. The object of study was the industrial area of the Camaçari region, included in the North Recôncavo of Bahia, which is part of the hydrogeological domains of the Recôncavo Sedimentary Basin, in the São Sebastião aquifer domain and the Marizal formation in the zone of interference water table. Due to the risk of contamination in the study area (Industrial Pole) negatively affecting water resources, the most compatible analysis methodology to be applied in this area was identified, to serve as a reference tool for the monitoring of groundwater in the region. Indicators for potential risks to human health have also been defined. The monitoring data for the period (2009-2016), made available by the state agencies (EMBASA and INEMA), were used, with 2,272 chemical determinations of groundwater samples from 41 tubular wells, which were statistically analyzed, simulated to generate the index of water quality, and then analyzed comparatively. It was found that of the 15 (fifteen) organic parameters studied, at least 6 (six) of them (1,2 dichloroethane, methylene chloride, chloroform, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene) resulted in changes in water quality in deep tubular wells 400 m), and through the application of WQI-CCME, because it is a statistical tool, the degree of remoteness of the volatile compounds relative to the reference standard was observed, not exceeding the maximum standardized levels for human supply uses, established in CONAMA Resolution No 396 of 2008. From the analyzed data of the shallow tubular wells (8 to 60 m), concentrations of Vinyl Chloride of up to 13 thousand times more than the reference standard were evidenced, and these wells are used for monitoring of the extraction of contaminants in the industrial area, and are not used for human consumption. This study highlighted the existence of unfavorable conditions for groundwater quality (hydraulic conductivity, porosity and permeability) that allow good mobility of the organic compounds identified in the aquifer of the Marizal Formation, which can travel in the sandstones and flow in both horizontal and vertical directions , due to the discontinuities of NW-SE directions, in the study area, connecting with the São Sebastião Formation immediately below, also with predominance of sandstones. Therefore, it is evident that the concentrations identified in the six organic contaminants in the deep tubular wells serve as a warning for the water supply systems in the region to monitor the sources of contamination, since their presence in the industrial area is persistent character.