This dissertation addresses the topic of Water Treatment by Double Layer Slow Sand Filter and Water Safety. I’ve selected the research problem on how the alternative process of water treatment by slow filtration with sand can improve the quality of life through the availability of treated water for communities living in the rural areas of the municipality of Jaguarari, located in the semi-arid region of Bahia. The research questions were as follows: (a) why the rural community living in the municipality of Jaguarari in the semiarid region of Bahia does not have access to treated water and may have put their health at risk? (b) how can the alternative water treatment by slow sand filtering contribute to offer treated water to the diffuse rural community living in the municipality of Jaguarari in the semi-arid region of Bahia? (c) What are the ideal conditions to install the alternative water treatment system by slow sand filter? (d) Does the community inhabiting the Pilar district have difficulties to operate and monitor the water treatment system by slow sand filter? The research had as specific objectives: to systematize the reasons for the nonavailability of treated water to the rural community of the Pilar District, municipality of Jaguarari- BA; to describe the process of water treatment by slow sand filter suitable for the rural community of the Pilar District; to analyze the difficulties of the operation and monitoring of the water treatment system by slow sand filter; to present the processes of water treatment by slow filter for the rural community of the Pilar District, which does not have treated water for consumption. We opted for qualitative research and case study in the execution of this dissertation, using semi-structured interviews, field diary, and informal conversation as instruments of data collection. The data analysis shows that the residents of the Pilar district did not have access to untreated water causing frequent diarrhea caused by pathogenic microorganisms. This scenario started to change with the implementation of the "Alternative Water Treatment Project by Double Slow Filtration" by Codevasf and in partnership with APRA III. When the residents started to consume treated water, they noticed that infectious diseases and diarrhea caused by drinking untreated water no longer occurred. It is also evident the effectiveness of the treatment system and its easy installation.

The CNRH has established several criteria to define insignificant off stream water use flows in order to allow the issuance of the correspondent water rights. However, the state owned rivers have their flow level of insignificance defined by their respective state government, without necessarily considering the cumulative effect of the whole set of uses. The general objective of this text, that is predominantly quantitative, is to evaluate the impact of the insignificant superficial water uses within a watershed. State and National water users data registers have been accessed as well as digital model images of Utinga River watershed and fluviometric data from the number 511700000 station. These data were treated and analyzed in Qgis 3.16, Hidro 1.4 and Excel® softwares for delimitation of the basin area and selection of abstraction points, the obtaining of the respective reference flow and the determination of the total volume abstracted. Aiming to access the impact on the water flow subject to issuance of water rights, it was applied the indicator proposed by ANA (2013) after some adaptation. The Q90 flow found was 0.964 m3 /s, and the grantable flow was 0.77 m3 /s, in addition, 575 insignificant uses and 45 granted uses were found, corresponding to a capture of 12.19% and 68.74% of the grantable flow, respectively. These percentages, together with the total already claimed, but not yet granted, draw attention to a problem of demand exceeding availability, demonstrating the impact of such uses on water availability, especially insignificant uses on the remaining flow.

The implementation of programs to achieve the goals of water bodies is a complex process, which demands specific knowledge, mainly about the uses of water resources under great human pressure. The use of indicators, as support in monitoring compliance with water quality targets to meet the established framework, represents a management strategy that leads to the analysis of natural and anthropogenic interferences in the conditions of water resources. In this sense, the present study proposes a methodology for selecting water sustainability indicators, to support the implementation of programs and framing goals in stretches of recharge zones. This methodology was developed based on the hydrographic basins of the Joanes and Jacuípe rivers, in the state of Bahia. The technical and scientific bases covered the qualitative analysis of the study area; regulatory and management instruments for the framework process and; of existing studies to support the definition of sustainability indicators. This basis allowed: i) carrying out a comparative analysis of hydrological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and hydrogeochemical aspects with representation in the recharge zones of the study area, ii) correlation of these aspects with the sustainability pillars, focusing on socioeconomic and environmental aspects, iii) application of the FPEIR model: Forces, Pressure, State, Impact and Response, considering the dimensions of water sustainability and, iv) equivalence relationship with the Programs' Effectiveness Indicators-IE to achieve the goals of water bodies , culminating in the definition of Water Sustainability Indicators, in Recharge Zones to monitor the implementation of the classification of water bodies (ISHsZRENQUADRA). These steps resulted in the indication of 26 ISHs-ZRENQUADRA (8 hydrological, 4 hydrogeological, 4 hydrochemical, 3 hydrogeochemical, 3 related to riveraquifer connectivity and 4 related to wastewater discharges) for the stretches of the Joanes and Jacuípe river basins. These 26 ISHs-ZRENQUADRA support the monitoring of compliance with the framework's goals, monitoring water availability (qualitative and quantitative), both for water use demands and for environmental preservation in the region. As a product, this study presents 2 (two) flowcharts with the methodological procedure, 9 (nine) tables prepared to obtain each group of indicators, and two monitoring sheets, created to visualize the generation and updating of data to support the indicator under evaluation. Therefore, the dissemination of this research is expected, with the transfer of technology and knowledge that will support the implementation of programs to classify water bodies and strengthen state and national water resources information systems

The Tocantins-Araguaia hydrographic region is of fundamental importance in the national context, since it is characterized by the expansion of the agricultural frontier, mainly related to grain cultivation (an activity that uses water for irrigation) and the hydroelectric potential. Water has an importance in the development of society that has long been part of agreements and treaties, which seek to regulate its uses, due to an unstable management during the period of history. Thus, the complexity of the conflicts demands, more and more, the adoption of an adequate treatment, in order to implement new resolution strategies as an alternative to judicialization. Some basin committees do not make use of the attribution of administratively arbitrating the conflicts under their jurisdiction, either due to lack of regulation, lack of knowledge and insecurity in the face of the forms and complexities involving the disputes. In this sense, a proposal for an intervention protocol to resolve conflicts over water use adds a contribution to water governance and to the instruments of water resources management policy. The present work made use of information pointed out and analyzed in the situation of conflict over water use in the hydrographic basin of the Formoso river, located in the state of Tocantins. It contextualized the problem, evaluated the measures adopted for the execution of legal agreements in the negotiation process, and described the implementation of water use control instruments in the watershed. Finally, it was possible with the employment of the investigative method, using the descriptive and qualitative approach to identify the phases of the procedure and build the structure of the intervention protocol, characterizing the elements that integrate the tasks, activities and procedures of the administrative protocol proposal for conflict resolution.

Geospatial data are increasingly frequent inputs in technical analysis for decision-making on granting the right to use water resources. Despite this, they are still not stored and structured in a Database Management System (DBMS) in order to integrate them into the Decision Support Systems (SSD) of these claims in the state of Bahia. This situation entails manual procedures, subjectivity in technical analysis, insecurity in the storage of geospatial data, lack of interaction between spatial and no spatial data and slowness in grant decision making. Given this scenario, the objective of the research is to propose a conceptual model of geospatial data in order to update the Decision Support System for granting the right to use water resources in the state of Bahia. To achieve this objective, the research consists of the following phases: identification of geospatial data (entities), relationships and respective attributes necessary for the technical analysis of granting the right to use water resources; elaboration of the Class Diagram, Transformation Diagram and Object Class Relations; and presentation of the technical specifications for structuring and acquiring vector geospatial data, through the manuals, ETEDGV/Outorga and ET-ADGV/Outorga. The results showed that both manuals can guide the standardization and systematization of geospatial data in DBMS, as well as take the first step towards integrating the SSD to grant the right to use water resources. In addition, the standardization advocated by these products facilitates the sharing, interoperability, security of geospatial data and the rationalization of resources between producing institutions and users of data and geospatial information granting the right to use water resources, promoting integration of water management.

The water supply sources of Salvador and the Metropolitan Region, due to different anthropogenic types and adverse climatic situations to which they are submitted, have revealed situations of water criticality. The challenge lies in the search for strategic solutions that contemplate the conservation of the natural resources inserted there with a view to guaranteeing the continuity of water production and the attendance to its uses. In this context,
Payment for Environmental Services (PES) has been translated as one of the options contributing to the generation of ecosystem and environmental services in the perspective of the conservation of water resources. The work intends to evaluate the current situation of the Forest Recovery Project in Permanent Preservation Areas - surrounding springs and marginal strips of the Joanes and Jacuípe rivers (Guardiães das Águas), with a view to making the use of Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) possible as an opportunity tool to contribute to
the water security of water supply sources in the capital of Bahia and cities in theMetropolitan Region. Using exploratory methodological procedures, we proceeded with theanalysis of the conceptual basis that supports the application of the mechanism; the legal framework that guides its functionality in Brazil, the technical aspects of programs andprojects, seeking to extract lessons from some experiences of practical application in the
conservation of springs. The work contributes with the indication of strategies for the implementation of PES systems in the Joanes and Jacuípe river basins, in order to promote the improvement of the mechanism's performance in water sources that serve large urban centers. Thus, it expects that the results obtained will contribute to the implementation of the PSA mechanism in water sources highly demanded for public supply, as a contribution to water security, promoting the conservation and improvement of water availability and quality.

Eutrophication affects water availability, as it changes the quality of the water, mainly due to the increase in the concentration of phosphorus and impairs multiple uses in several regions of Brazil and the world, especially in lake environments. The São Francisco River, the third largest in extension in Brazil, along its path forms several marginal lagoons, which function as nurseries for ichthyofauna, but can also serve other uses such as the dilution of drainage waters in agricultural areas, this being the case of Lagoa das Piranhas, located in the municipality of Bom Jesus da Lapa - BA.

Considering the transport of phosphorus from agricultural areas, commonly reported in the literature, it is clear that the assessment of the degree of trophy in this lagoon can subsidize the management of its waters and favor the control of pollution. In the present work, the Trophic State Index (LAMPARELLI, 2004) was applied, in the

evaluation of Lagoa das Piranhas, through sampling campaigns in the dry and rainy period. The lagoon was classified as meso-eutrophic in the first campaign and mesotrophic in the following two, which demonstrates a risk to multiple uses, including to meet the needs of the population living in its surroundings, not to mention

the impact on the ichthyofauna that it constitutes in source of income for so many families in the basin. It was found that the water bodies that feed the lagoon were classified in higher trophic levels, which can accelerate the eutrophication process of this lake environment, demonstrating the need for immediate interventions. Part of

these interventions can be funded with resources from charging for the use of water resources in accordance with what is established in the São Francisco River Basin Plan.

The urban planning instruments and the identification of point sources of pollution are elements that must integrate the diagnosis of the framework, according to art. 4 of Resolution No. 91 of the CNRH. The present work aims at elaborating a methodological proposal to analyze the interferences of urban planning in the qualitative aspect of water bodies. This was the product A, a methodological proposal, generated by this work from bibliographic research, and based on the case study of the Corrente River Basin. In this way, the following steps were developed: cartographic analysis, with the help of Geobahia and OBahia; documental analysis, about the urban policy instruments of the cities of São Félix do Coribe and Santa Maria da Vitória; field work, for the identification of the sources of punctual urban pollution and the main activities exercised in the studied stretch of the Corrente River; water quality analysis, from data coming from the Monitora program and from already developed technical reports. The choice of the area for the methodological application is justified by the fact that the Corrrente River, which is a source of water for human supply and moves several economic activities in its surroundings, has been suffering an intense process of degradation in recent years, which if not properly mitigated, could compromise some of its uses. This justified the results of the application of the proposed methodology, having been observed the absence of instruments to discipline the parcelling, use and occupation of the soil and the presence of different point sources of pollution. However, during the period of analysis (2016 - 2021), the stretch of the water body under study was classified, most of the time, as oligotrophic, and the water quality, according to the IQA, considered good. Nevertheless, observing the individual water quality parameters, a violation of phosphorus was observed in one of the collection campaigns, and of pH and turbidity in three of the nineteen campaigns observed. Furthermore, a recent problem of fish mortality in the river and its possible cause was discussed, based on the contamination of the water by toxic substances. Finally, as suggested by the proposed methodology, the problems observed and the intervention proposals applicable to local and water resource managers were listed, aiming at minimizing the negative environmental impacts. Additionally, in view of the need to disseminate knowledge of integrated methodologies to address issues related to the quality of hydric resources, a course plan (product B) was elaborated focusing on the integration between land use and hydric resources management and the impacts on water quality, besides contributing to disseminate practical knowledge about the applicability of integrated methodology between urban planning and hydric management. The study where the developed methodology was applied showed that, in that case, it is urgent to apply the proposed intervention measures, by different institutional representations, which essentially contemplate the elimination of pollution sources, environmental inspection and monitoring, the elaboration of nonexistent urban policy instruments, the monitoring of water quality and the implementation of actions related to basic sanitation, aiming at improving the quality of surface water.

Most of the water that is on the planet is found below the surface of the ground - groundwater. In situations of scarcity of surface water, as in the semi-arid, these are even more important. The management of groundwater in Brazil is the role of the states - which apply the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy in order to offer water in quantity and quality for all uses, and to resolve conflicts over these water uses. Regarding quality, the contamination of underground water resources, although slower, is more difficult to remedy. Pollution sources such as dumps, fuel spills, cemeteries, diffuse releases of fertilizers and pesticides, may be penetrating the soil and increasing the concentrations of pollutants in aquifers. Depending on the characteristics of the soil and the aquifer, such as depth, eventual contaminants can enter more or less easily - the vulnerability of groundwater. This work aimed to measure the vulnerability of the aquifers in the region of twelve sub-basins in Bahia, to evaluate the point and diffuse contaminating load that may be being imposed on these waters, and, with this, to observe the risk of contamination of these waters in the area in question. And so to use this information as a subsidy for water planning in Bahian basins, contributing to the formulation of Basin plans and to the protection of soil and aquifers.

Currently, one of the striking effects of the urbanization process is the increase in land use in
areas of water potential. In this sense, the work highlights the protection of water as an
essential element in territorial planning, having as a guideline for action the need to articulate
the management of water resources with the management of land use provided for in Federal
Law No. 9,433 of 1997. In planning the Master Plan is the main instrument for planning the
policy of urban development and expansion of a territory, as guided by Federal Law No.
10,257 of 2001. Thus, the proposal aimed to analyze the integration between water
management and land use in territorial planning, for the insertion of environmental zoning as
an instrument for planning and managing the territory at the local level and capable of
complementing the Water Resources Plans , in particular the river basin plan. In this context,
initially, a discussion was held evidencing the policies on integrated planning, pointing out the
environmental zoning as a systemic mechanism of interface between the instruments of the
water policies, urban and environmental, and indicating the Water Resources Plan of
Hydrographic Basins as an appropriate instrument that promotes the integrated management
of water resources. Then, the analysis of the landscape aiming at proposing a zoning based on
the mapping of areas of water potential or aquifer recharge in the municipality of Camaçari.
For that, it was used as methodological approach, the multicriterial analysis of the
Hierarchical Analytical Process (PAH) and, as tools, the Geographic Information System
(GIS) and the Remote Sensing techniques (SR). In the mapping, it was possible to observe
that 39.31% of the municipality of Camaçari have very high to high potential indexes, 49.16%
moderate and low to very low of 11.53%, mainly due to the diverse characteristics of the
region that provide infiltration and recharge of aquifers. Based on the observed results,
environmental zoning was proposed in four categories to achieve the ideal environmental
scenario in the region: a) comprehensive protection; b) sustainable use; c) adequate
management and; d) recomposition of vegetation in protected areas in urban spaces. As a
conclusion, the environmental zoning defined in the areas of water potential can be
considered a satisfactory mechanism for spatial planning, indicated to be inserted in the City
Master Plans and capable of complementing the Water Resources Plan at the level of
hydrographic basins, ensuring the protection of water resources, characterized by being a tool
for territorial planning with an integrated focus.

Decision Support Systems (DSS) are important tools that can be used in the management of water resources, especially in the analysis of water permits, as they are able to present solutions to complex problems in a short period of time. Although many Brazilian water agencies use DSSs to assist in the issuing of water permits, some of them do not use DSSs, or they are in the development or updating phases. The water agency of Bahia state uses two types of DSS to perform calculations and to store the information of water permits of surface
water. However, these systems do not use secure storage software, do not generate information from their stored data, and do not interact with each other. In this context, this study proposes to update the water permit of surface water Decision Support System of Bahia state, including a mapping strategy and a proposal of improvements to the Technical Water Permit Analysis Process. We built the proposal using BPM (Business Process Management) organized in four methodological steps. Step 1: Survey of the current situation (AS-IS) and identification of opportunities for improvement; Step 2: Redesign of the resulting processes and sub-processes (TO-BE); Step 3: Verification of the proposed model and adjustments; and Step 4: Consolidation of the resulting processes and sub-processes (TO-BE). The results showed that most of the opportunities of improvement identified are related to the lack of tasks automation, that can be fixed through integration with the existing computer system, SEIA. This will increase the agility and reliability of the process and will decrease the analysis time and the possibility of human error. The proposed model also increases the performance and productivity, and optimizes some tasks performed by the technical staff of the water agency, since it reduces the amount of manual activities, making the process faster, simpler and safer. In addition, this model presents generic innovations in the methodology and procedures of a water permit of surface water DSS, considering experiences of existing systems and adapting it to the local reality.