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1
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THAÍS ANDRADE DE SAMPAIO LOPES
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Environmental and energy performance of wastewater treatment associated the anaerobic process and constructed wetlands.
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Advisor : LUCIANO MATOS QUEIROZ
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ASHER KIPERSTOK FIRST
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CESAR ROSSAS MOTA FILHO
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EDNILDO ANDRADE TORRES
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LUCIANO MATOS QUEIROZ
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PAULA LOUREIRO PAULO
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SILVIO ALEXANDRE BEISL VIEIRA DE MELO
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Data: Mar 26, 2021
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Show Abstract
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The lack of wastewater treatment is still worrying; despite advances in recent years, and it is a challenge to achieve the goals of sanitation universalization. The demand for water, food and energy in the world, no longer admits thinking about wastewater treatment just to meet the standards of environmental legislation. The environmental impacts associated with wastewater treatment affect sustainability, and should be discussed by decision makers. In this context, LCA is a widely used tool to assess the environmental impacts of WWTP in the world. However, in developing countries, such as Brazil, there is a gap in LCA related to WWTP, with the challenge of improving the quality of LCI in the face of a lack of data transparency. The present study aims to analyze the application of LCA to assess the potential environmental impacts of the sewage treatment process associating UASB reactor and constructed wetlands, including the construction and operation phases, and the potential for resource recovery from the technological arrangement in small municipalities up to 5,000 inhab. For this, a detailed LCI was prepared, including the collection network, preliminary treatment, WWTP, sludge disposal and discharge of the final treated effluent, on a full scale, also evaluating the effects of the choices made in the preparation of the LCI using databases available in the SimaPro software. After improving the LCA study for the WWTP studied, the existing scenario was compared with a proposed resource recovery scenario in the WWTP, evaluating in the potential for resource recovery in small towns in the state of Bahia. The results of the wastewater treatment system evaluation indicate that the construction phase should not be excluded in low complexity treatment technologies, such as the WWTP studied, due to the trade-off between the use of materials and energy for construction and low consumption of energy and materials during the operation, combined with the Brazilian energy mix, predominant in renewable sources. Also the WWTP studied show the great potential impact of for global warming, due to methane emissions from the UASB reactor to the atmosphere. The results of the analysis of the choice of database processes show the differences in contribution of the impact potential according to the process originating from the database used, available in the software. For the assessment of the proposed scenario, the results show the significant environmental gains with the recovery of resources, highlighting the potential of the recovery of biogas as a quick transition solution to combat the climate crisis. Thus, the study highlights the importance of the construction phase, and the correlation between the operation and GHG emissions, highlighting the importance of the detailed LCI for the transparency, reliability and reproducibility of LCA studies in wastewater treatment. Finally, the study emphasizes the potential for resource recovery in small municipalities, made invisible by the public authorities, as an alternative to achieve the goals of sanitation universalization with environmental, social and economic gains.
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2
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FELIPE BARROCO FONTES CUNHA
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Regulatory Policies Evaluation for Distributed Generation in the Brazilian Electricity Sector.
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Advisor : EDNILDO ANDRADE TORRES
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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CELSO LUIZ BRAGA DE CASTRO
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EDNILDO ANDRADE TORRES
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FRANCISCO LIMA CRUZ TEIXEIRA
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GILBERTO DE MARTINO JANNUZZI
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MARCELO SANTANA SILVA
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Oswaldo dos Santos Lucon
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VINCENZO TORRETTA
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WILSON NEGRÃO MACÊDO
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Data: Jul 26, 2021
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Show Abstract
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ABSTRACT
Distributed generation (GD) has a relevant role to play in the electrical matrix as a vector for the optimization of the distribution network, through the insertion of local generation as a way to reduce electrical losses, relieve the load of the National Interconnected System (SIN) and engage end users in implementing the energy transition to a low-carbon society. Among distributed renewable sources, photovoltaic (PV) has represented almost the entire installed power capacity in recent years. GD FV also stands out for its high rate of job creation in the installation, decreasing costs and for being located close to the place of consumption, not requiring large areas or long transmission lines for its implementation. In Brazil, the insertion of DG has been occurring almost exclusively through the energy compensation system (SCE), which is showing limits and signs of exhaustion, as it is based on a cross subsidy that benefits its users in detriment of the general system and regular users, in addition do not encouraging the contemporaneity between energy production and consumption, since it uses the storage potential of the SIN. The legal framework of the Brazilian Electric Sector (SEB) is in the process of being reformed and specific proposals on the SCE are being debated in the National Congress. This paper aims to analyze the current legal framework and the proposed under discussion, especially those presented by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) and bills n. 5,829/2019 and 2,215/2020 to propose regulatory changes that can accelerate the energy transition of the SEB, through the integration of the DG in a more coordinated and cost-effective way than currently carried out. The method used is qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. Extensive bibliographical and documentary research was carried out, as well as interviews and questionnaires with experts, agents in the electricity sector and interested parties. As objects of field research, two pilot projects for community generation in low-income housing were chosen, one in Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil and the other in Bologna, Italy. To interpret the data collected, the method of content analysis and regulatory impact, the functional method of comparative law and data triangulation were used. The results of the study point to the need for innovations in the social, policy-regulatory and governance dimensions to improve the legal framework of the electricity sector, optimizing the economic, social and environmental opportunities generated by the insertion of the DG and achieving the energy transition in Brazil. It is proposed: (i) that sector reform seeks to consolidate regulation through higher-ranking legal norms; (ii) the construction of a GD insertion model that favors the instantaneous and collective self-consumption of locally generated renewable energies in a strategic and coordinated manner, prioritizing its integration in specific points of the distribution network, enabling the maximization of its potential benefits. (iii) the reform of the Public Call Institute (ICP) to allow the appropriation of part of the economic benefits obtained with the hiring by the distribution network managers, (iv) the creation of new modalities of insertion of the DG,
which prioritize the coincidence between generation and consumption, such as Collective Self- Consumption (ACC) and Local Energy Communities (CELs), improving the current SCE. It
also demonstrates the importance of technical assistance and the role of distribution concessionaires in relation to such initiatives.
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3
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TIAGO ASSUNÇÃO SANTOS
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OBTAINING PORTLAND CLINQUER FROM USE OF FINE GRANITE ROCK (FRG) AND WASTE OF ASSBESTOS CEMENT TILES (RCA) AS ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIALS
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Advisor : DANIEL VERAS RIBEIRO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ANA PAULA KIRCHHEIM
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CLEBER MARCOS RIBEIRO DIAS
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DANIEL VERAS RIBEIRO
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Fabiano Raupp-Pereira
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João António Labrincha Batista
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MARCELO STROZI CILLA
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Data: Oct 7, 2021
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Show Abstract
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The Portland cement production process is responsible for high environmental impacts, with the exploration of deposits of these raw materials and emission of large amounts of CO2. In this context, the main objective of the present work was to analyze the technical feasibility of using granitic rock fines (GRF), waste generated in the process of producing aggregates for civil construction and asbestos cement waste tile (ACW), aimed at making Portland cement. Regarding the GRF, it was observed that there are no studies that aim to use this residue in the production of Portland clinker as a partial substitute for clay. As for the RCA, it was noted that there is a lack of research aimed at analyzing the potential of this residue as a mineralizer. For this, the raw materials were characterized physically, chemically and mineralogically and, based on these results, the production of two types of cement was proposed. First, the reference cement was produced, containing approximately 95% of limestone and 5% of clay, by mass, with clinkerization at a temperature of 1450 °C. Then, the second type of cement was produced, replacing FRG clay, in the contents of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, by mass, with clinkerization at a temperature of 1450 °C. In the production of the third type of cement, the limestone and clay mixture was replaced by RCA, at levels of 24%, 49%, 74% and 86%, by mass, with clinkerization at temperatures of 1450 °C, 1400 °C, 1350 °C and 1300 °C. The cements produced were characterized by physical-mechanical and expandability analysis, evaluation of hydration (calorimetry) and phase formation (XRD and Thermogravimetry). For cements produced with GRF it was observed that there was an increase in the alite content (C3S), when compared to the reference cement, and for those with 50% and 100% GRF content in the clinker flour, similar mechanical strengths were observed in the reference cement, although it does not impact CO2 emission. For cements produced with ACW, it was found that those produced at 1350°C and with 74% replacement of the clay-limestone mixture by ACW had mechanical resistance similar to that observed in the reference cement (without the addition of ACW), in addition to lower CO2 emission and energy consumption.
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