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Dissertations |
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Caroline Assunção Oliveira
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Benefits of High-Intensity Interval Training compared to continuous training to reduce apoptotic markers in female rats with cisplatin Nephrotoxicity – possible contribution of Interleukin-11.
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Advisor : LILIANY SOUZA DE BRITO AMARAL
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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LILIANY SOUZA DE BRITO AMARAL
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RAFAEL PEREIRA DE PAULA
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TELMA DE JESUS SOARES
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Data: May 24, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Cisplatin (CP) is an antineoplastic widely used in the treatment of different types of solid tumors, but its use is mainly limited by high nephrotoxicity, which is manifested by acute kidney injury (AKI). The pathophysiology of ARF is complex and involves, among other controls, the activation of several apoptotic signal pathways. On the other hand, some studies have shown protective effects of aerobic exercise on ARF. Furthermore, mechanical stress is known to increase the production of IL-11, a pleiotropic cytokine with anti-apoptotic and anti- necrotic effects. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the impact of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with continuous light (LIT) and moderate intensity (MIT) training on renal IL-11 levels and expressions of apoptotic markers in tissue renal rate of CP-induced nephrotoxicity. For this purpose, 35 female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=7 in each group): control and sedentary (C+S); treated with CP and sedentary (CP+S); treated with CP and approved to LIT (CP+LIT); CP-treated and MIT-approved (CP+MIT) and CP-treated and HIIT-approved (CP+HIIT). Training protocols consisted of running on a motorized treadmill, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8 weeks of training, the rates received a single injection of CP (5 mg/kg) or saline solution, and 7 days after the injection they were euthanized. Serum samples and animal rinses were collected to assess serum urea urea (BUN), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and 2 (TNFR2) gene expression, caspase-3, MAPK(p38) (MAPK14), p53, Bax, Bak, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, renal IL-11 and p53 levels, and immunolocalization of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and MAPK(p38) in renal tissue. The data reveal that all trained groups experience a significant increase in renal IL-11 levels associated with reduced local expression of pro-apoptotic markers and increased anti-apoptotic markers. Such effects were dependent on training intensity, and therefore more pronounced with HIIT. In conclusion, the present study suggests that HIIT seems to provide superior renoprotection to continuous training at mild and moderate intensities, beneficially modulating apoptotic signal pathways, and consequently attenuating ARF induced by CP in this experimental model. Furthermore, such an effect may be related, at least in part, to the increase in the renal levels of IL-11 induced by training, also dependent on its intensity.
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2
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Fernanda Karoline Almeida Freire
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Oxidative stress markers in the context of miscarriage associated with Ureaplasma parvum infection
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Advisor : GUILHERME BARRETO CAMPOS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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CLARISSA LEAL SILVA E SOUZA
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GUILHERME BARRETO CAMPOS
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LILIANY SOUZA DE BRITO AMARAL
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Data: Jul 27, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the 22nd gestational week or when the fetus weighs less than 500g. It can occur spontaneously or be induced and has multiple causes, including genital infections. Genital tract infections can ascend to the uterine cavity and account for 15% of early abortions and 66% of late abortions. The exacerbated inflammatory responses resulting from the infectious process disrupt gestational homeostasis, contributing to a pro-inflammatory profile and altering the oxidative state. The main objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress markers in the context of spontaneous abortion associated with infections by gynecologically significant microorganisms. Biological samples of placental tissue from women who experienced spontaneous abortion and women who had full-term deliveries were used. When evaluating oxidative stress enzymes, elevated levels of lipid peroxidation markers (TBARS and carbonylated protein) were identified in the abortion group, along with increased antioxidant activity by CAT and reduced GPx activity, while SOD showed an unchanged response. However, the profile of lipid peroxidation was accentuated in the abortion group infected with UP. GPx levels were reduced in the UP-infected abortion group compared to the infected control, while SOD and CAT showed no differences. The SOD/CAT ratio was reduced and the SOD/GPx ratio was increased in the UP groups compared to the non-infected groups. In terms of gene expression ratio, abortion contributed to an increase in Mn SOD/GPx, while UP infection reduced the expression of CuZn SOD/GPx and Mn SOD/GPx in both the abortion and infected control groups compared to the non-infected groups. Furthermore, nitrite levels were increased in the UP-infected abortion group. This study demonstrated that UP infection may contribute to altering the oxidative profile, suggesting that an imbalance in oxidative stress could contribute to the occurrence of spontaneous abortion associated with bacterial infection.
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3
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Sarah Rocha Lima Braga
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Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and toxicological activity of the ethanolic bark extract of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart)
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Advisor : REGIANE YATSUDA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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LUCAS MIRANDA MARQUES
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RAFAEL SANTOS DANTAS MIRANDA DÓREA
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REGIANE YATSUDA
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Data: Jul 27, 2023
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Show Abstract
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The plant species to be studied is Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillet, popularly known as umburana fêmea of the genus Commiphora, family Burseraceae, is an endemic species of the region of the village of Palmeiras, district of the city of Contendas do Sincorá - BA. According to the local population, it is traditionally used as a tonic, healing wounds and against coughs, bronchitis, gastritis, ulcers and chronic conditions. The study aimed to evaluate the medicinal potential of this plant as an antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant and toxicological action. The ethanolic extract was prepared by maceration and after evaporation the crude extract was obtained with a yield of 2.2%. The phytochemical prospection was carried out by CCD with specific developers and the chromatographic profile evaluated by GC-MS, highlighting the identification of: stigmasterol, lupeol, protocatechuic acid, lanosterol, ethyl oleate and ethyl linoleate. The antioxidant assay was carried out by evaluating the total antioxidant capacity, using the phosphomolybdate method, in which the plant extract showed antioxidant capacity. For nociception and inflammation assays, adult male Balb/c mice were used. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated by the tests: Abdominal writhing induced by 0.6% acetic acid, where all concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) promoted a significant reduction in nociceptive responses (p < 0.05). The concentration of 100mg/kg of the ethanolic extract demonstrated that its antinociceptive effects were mediated by the cholinergic pathway (p < 0.05). Intraplantar injection of 1.5% formalin, in phase 1 and 2, all concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the number of flinches, compared to the negative control (p < 0.05), when incidents to the morphine positive control group, the concentrations of 50 and 200 mg/kg did not show statistical difference (p < 0.05), the paw edema formed did not obtain a significant reduction in any experimental concentration (p < 0.05). In electronic Von Frey by intraplantar injection of carrageenan (Cg), all concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) were able to significantly reduce hypernociception (p < 0.05). For the experiment of anti-inflammatory activity, tests were performed: Migration of neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity, where all concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) established a significant reduction in neutrophil migration in (p < 0.05) ; The determination of nitrite levels, all concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05). Evaluation of vascular permeability by Evans blue, which showed a significant reduction in dye leakage into the peritoneal fluid at all doses (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), (p < 0.05). Toxicity innovation was performed with Artemia salina Leach and the toxicity classification was highly toxic. Cytotoxicity was investigated using the MTT assay, where concentrations of 25, 50 and 100ug/kg were shown to decrease tumor cell viability (p < 0.05). The results allow us to consider that C. leptophloeos (Mart.) is a promising natural source for the identification of new bioactive compounds and therapeutic agents, as well as a promising species for use as a herbal medicine
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4
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Anne Caroline Brito Barroso
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Cytokine signature profile in the genital tract of adolescent men who have sex with men (MSM) associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
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Advisor : GUILHERME BARRETO CAMPOS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ALINE TEIXEIRA AMORIM
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GUILHERME BARRETO CAMPOS
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LUCAS MIRANDA MARQUES
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Data: Aug 1, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are defined as a group of diseases caused by microorganisms transmitted mainly through sexual contact without the use of condoms. In addition to HIV, other bacterial STIs are considered epidemic in Brazil, especially gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), mycoplasma infections (Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum) and Chlamydia trachomatis. During STI infection, immune cells produce a series of chemical mediators such as: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukins IL1-β, IL-6, IL-10, among others, which act by orchestrating the immune response. Objective: to define the signature of in young men who have sex with men and transsexual women, correlating the results with the prevalence of STIs due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasmas. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that is part of a pilot project entitled “PrEP Study 15-19” (Title: Study of the effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis [PrEP]. Clinical samples were collected in duplicate from each participant , at the time of the first visit to the service. For this, they were obtained by rubbing a swab on the penile, oral and anal urethral mucosa, being stored in 5 mL of transport medium. The quantification of microorganisms was performed using the absolute quantification technique IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α tumor necrosis factor assays were performed using an eBioscience ELISA kit. Results: Our sample consisted predominantly of black men who have sex with men or brown, aged between 18 and 19 years. Of these, 17.36% had one or more infections. There was an association between complete high school education and STI (p 0.045). Among the studied STIs, the prevalence of 85.3% stands out of mycoplasmas.In the evaluation of the profile of cytokines secreted between infected and non-infected, we found no statistically significant association. Matrix tests were performed among those infected with an association between higher TNF-α and IL-6 values. In the non-infected population, there is a general association between cytokines, that is, participants with lower levels showed a reduction in all cytokines studied. In this study, we had a prevalence of 4.73% of coinfections, all with at least one mycoplasma. 50% of the coinfections found were Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In the evaluation of the cytokine signature between mono- and co-infected individuals, we found higher levels of IL-1β in monoinfected individuals when compared to co-infected individuals and of TNF-α in monoinfected individuals, when compared to non-infected and co-infected individuals. In observing the heatmap with unsupervised clusters, two groups can be seen, one with a greater inflammatory potential, and the other with a lower potential, with emphasis on M. hominis and U. urealyticum with a high potential for an inflammatory response. The Principal Component Analysis shows the association between M. hominis infection and IL1-β secretion. Conclusion: Our study found no statistical difference between infected and uninfected young people, however, mycoplasma infection and co-infection with gonorrhea and chlamydia demonstrate an association with increased cytokines.
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5
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Everton Almeida Sousa
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Effects of therapeutic or preventive training on function, morphology and redox balance in brown adipose tissue in an animal model of aging and obesity
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Advisor : AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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Luciano Evangelista dos Santos Filho
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TELMA DE JESUS SOARES
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Data: Aug 11, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Objective: To evaluate the effects of therapeutic or preventive physical training on morphological and functional parameters in brown adipose tissue in an animal model of aging and obesity. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (initial age = 4 months and final age = 14 months) were randomly distributed into three elderly and obese experimental groups (n= 8/group): sedentary (EOS), therapeutic exercise (EOT) and preventive exercise (EOP). Body adiposity parameters were evaluated and, in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the activity of antioxidant enzymes, TBARS and total nitrites, morphology parameters, and gene expression of redox profile markers and tissue function. Results: Preventive exercise reduced the mass of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in aged and obese animals. Total visceral abdominal adipose tissue (TAV) weight reduces in the EOT and EOP exercised groups. In the TAM, the exercise protocols, therapeutic and preventive, determined the increase in the number of adipocytes per field, reduction in the number of unilocular adipocytes, and increase in the number of multilocular adipocytes. The TAM's percentage of lipid vacuoles per field was reduced only in the EOP group. TBARS and total nitrite levels were reduced by therapeutic and preventive exercise protocols, with the reduction being more remarkable in the EOP group. The activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase was higher in animals from the EOT and EOP groups. The activity of the GPx enzyme increased only in the preventively trained animals, although the immunostaining for GPx was higher in both the EOT and EOP groups. The analysis of the expression of the genes that encode the enzymes Catalase, GPx-1, and SOD-1 in brown adipose tissue revealed that both therapeutic and preventive exercise increased the gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes, Catalase and GPx-1, with a more significant effect of preventive training. No differences were observed between groups in SOD-1 enzyme gene expression. The gene encoding the UCP-1 protein expression in brown adipose tissue increased in the EOP and EOT groups, while the expressions of PGC-1a and SIRT 1 increased only in the EOP. Conclusion: The therapeutic and preventive exercise protocols determined improved morphology, function, and oxidative stress parameters in the brown adipose tissue of aged rats with diet-induced obesity. The preventive protocol's beneficial effects were more evident, indicating the role of regular exercise practice in attenuating or reversing alterations in brown adipose tissue in the studied animal model.
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6
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TAYLAN CUNHA MEIRA
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Impact of physical training on changes in the oxidative profile and cardiovascular morphofunctional parameters in an animal model of obesity induced by a hypercaloric diet.
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Advisor : AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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ROBSON AMARO AUGUSTO DA SILVA
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GRAZIELLE PRATES LOURENCO DOS SANTOS BITTENCOURT
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Data: Dec 13, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Introduction: Obesity is characterized as a chronic and complex condition that contributes to negative impacts on human health. In its genesis, genetic, environmental, metabolic and behavioral factors act that can determine a reduction in quality of life, predisposing the population to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Faced with this problem, physical exercise is an important strategy for reducing body adiposity and preventing cardiovascular disorders associated with obesity. Objective: To evaluate the impact of physical exercise on changes in the oxidative profile and cardiovascular morphofunctional parameters in an animal model of obesity induced by a high-calorie diet. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200g, whose study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA/IMS-UFBA) under opinion number 053/2017. Initially, the experimental animals were subjected to a normocaloric control diet (DC, n=10) or a hypercaloric diet (DH, n=14) to induce obesity for 8 weeks. After this period, the animals in the control diet group (CD) or the hypercaloric diet group (HD) were subdivided into 2 experimental groups each, which were trained on a motorized treadmill (DCT, n=5; DHT, n=7) or maintained sedentary (DCS, n=5; DHS, n=7) for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the abdominal adipose tissue deposits were dissected and weighed and the ventricle and aorta were removed for histological analysis. Chest blood was collected for biochemical and hormonal analysis. The histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson's Tricromion (TM) and analyzed by the computerized system (ImageJ). Results: Consumption of a high-calorie diet resulted in an increase in food and caloric intake, body weight and adiposity, and altered glucose tolerance. The training protocol applied reduced the body weight, adiposity index, and abdominal adipose tissue of animals submitted to the high-calorie diet. No significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-b, and Quick. Systolic blood pressure increased in sedentary animals that consumed the high-calorie diet and was reduced by the physical training protocol by approximately 12%. CK/MB levels were reduced in trained animals compared to sedentary animals subjected to a high-calorie diet. Animals submitted to a high-calorie diet had larger areas in the thickness of the aortic tunica intima, consequently, these animals had smaller aortic lumens; while trained animals had smaller thicknesses and larger lumens. The areas of cardiomyocytes and capillarization demonstrated pathological cardiac adaptations in sedentary animals that consumed a high-calorie diet, while in trained animals’ were noted increased cardiomyocyte area and new vascularization in both diets. Sedentary animals submitted to a high-calorie diet showed larger areas with fibrosis, while the training protocol reduced these areas. The training applied in this study increased catalase and GPX values; while lipid peroxidation values (TBARS) had lower rates in trained animals. Cardiac total nitrite levels were higher in the (DHS) group and in the trained groups regardless of diet. Conclusion: The training protocol determined an improvement in body adiposity, oxidative profile and cardiovascular morphofunctional parameters in the animal model of diet-induced obesity.
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Thesis |
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1
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Igor Pereira Ribeiro Muniz
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with curcumin controls intradermal infection by resistant
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin in mice with type 1 diabetes
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Advisor : ROBSON AMARO AUGUSTO DA SILVA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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DENISAR PALMITO DOS SANTOS
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LUCIANO PEREIRA ROSA
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ROBSON AMARO AUGUSTO DA SILVA
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TELMA DE JESUS SOARES
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Data: Apr 28, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic non-communicable disease in which insulin is insufficiently produced due to the destruction of β cells in the pancreas. The changes generated by this condition increase the risk of infections for these individuals. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main pathogens causing infections in individuals with diabetes. In this work, we aimed to investigate the effects of the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT), using curcumin as a photosensitizer (PS), in the treatment of intradermal infection in mice with T1DM. C57bl/6 mice were weighed and, in a fasting state, their blood glucose was measured. DMT1 was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (180 mg/kg). Five days after STZ administration, the animals' blood glucose was measured to confirm the establishment of DMT1. Fifteen days after DMT1 induction, the animals were weighed and then infected intradermally in the left ear. For infection, the concentration of 1.5 x 107 CFU of the MRSA ATCC 4330 strain was quantified. Twentyfour hours after infection, experimental treatments were performed. A solution containing 100 μg of curcumin was photoactivated ex vivo using LED light (450 nm) obtaining a fluence of 13.5 J/cm2 . After photoactivation, the solution was inoculated at the same site where the infection was carried out. Control treatments consisted of the application of non-photoactivated PS or sterile saline. The animals were euthanized 24 h after the treatments and the left ear and left retromaxillary lymph node were surgically collected. The lymph node was macerated in saline for analysis of bacterial load, measurement of cytokines by ELISA, measurement of nitrites and nitrates, and cell counts. The ear was used to make slides that were stained by H&E or stained with anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies by immunohistochemistry. Slides were photomicrographed and cell counts and tissue MPO expression analyzes were performed. The PDT group had a lower bacterial load in the lymph node when compared to controls (p-value <0.05). In addition to the lower bacterial load, the PDT group also had higher levels of nitrates and nitrites in the lymph node when compared to controls (p-value >< 0.001). Cell recruitment to the infectious site was similar between the groups, however, the expression of MPO in the PDT group was less intense compared to the saline group (p-value < 0.001). When analyzing the production of cytokines, the PDT group showed lower production of IL-1, IL-12, and IL-10 (p-value <0.01; p-value ><0.05; p-value >< 0.05, respectively), when compared to the saline group. This study shows, for the first time, the therapeutic potential of PDT using curcumin in the treatment of an intradermal infection caused by S. aureus in mice with T1DM.
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2
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Thiago Macêdo Lopes Correia
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IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON MUSCLE CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND AGING.
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Advisor : AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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AMELIA CRISTINA MENDES DE MAGALHAES GUSMAO
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ROBSON AMARO AUGUSTO DA SILVA
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LUCAS MIRANDA MARQUES
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LEANDRO MARTINS DE FREITAS
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ANDREA PIRES DOS SANTOS
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Data: Dec 8, 2023
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Show Abstract
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Objective: To investigate the effects of aerobic physical training performed therapeutically or throughout life on histological changes, redox balance, inflammation, and metabolism in skeletal muscle and cardiac ventricle caused by the association between aging and obesity in vivo and in vitro.
Methods: The experiment was divided into a pilot study and a main study. The pilot study aimed to identify the age at which changes in muscle and physical performance begin in response to natural aging. Thus, 41 male Wistar rats aged 4 months were randomly distributed into 6 groups defined by age at euthanasia, these being 4 (n = 5), 8 (n = 5), 12 (n = 7), 14 (n = 8), 18 (n = 8) and 20 months (n = 8). Throughout the experimental protocol, the animals were weighed weekly, and physical performance was assessed monthly using the maximal running test on a motorized treadmill for rats. After defining the age at which muscle decline began (14 months), the influence of physical training on the changes observed was evaluated. To this end, 32 4-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into two groups: sedentary group (n = 16) and trained group (n = 16). Upon reaching 8 months of age, 8 animals from each group were euthanized, forming the young sedentary and trained groups. The remaining animals continued until they reached 14 months of age, and constituted the sedentary and trained aged groups. Training was carried out on a motorized treadmill for rats, at moderate intensity, on alternate days and lasting 1 hour per session. The animals were euthanized 24 hours after the last training session. Blood, adipose tissue and muscle samples were collected, duly measured and stored in an ultra-freezer -80 °C, or fixed. The frozen samples were used to quantify the inflammatory and oxidative profiles, and the samples were fixed for histological studies. The main study consisted of an in vivo and an in vitro study. The in vivo protocol was carried out with 32 male Wistar rats that were randomly distributed into four groups (n = 8/group): aged sedentary group (ESed), aging sedentary group fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (ASed+HFD), aging trained therapeutically and fed with HFD (ATT+HFD) and aging lifelong trained and fed with HFD (ALT+DHL). 24 hours after the last physical training session, all animals were euthanized and then the gastrocnemius muscle and cardiac ventricle were collected for histological, immunohistochemical, redox balance, inflammation and metabolism studies. The gastrocnemius muscle was used to analyze mRNA and microRNA expression by qPCR. Abdominal adipose tissue deposits were collected and weighed to determine body composition. For in vitro studies, primary macrophages obtained from the peritoneal exudate of 6 4-month-old male BALB/c mice, elicited through the administration of thioglycolate (3%), and primary myoblasts isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle of a 4 month old male rat were used. Cultures of macrophages and myoblasts were exposed to serum from the animals from the in vivo study for 24h. The cultures were used to analyze cell viability by MTT, total nitrites and hydrogen peroxide and to analyze the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response and muscle metabolism. All variables of interest in this study were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Comparisons between pilot test groups were made using the ANOVA test for repeated measures (temporal analysis) and one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey post-test. For analyzes between young and aged, sedentary and trained groups, a factorial design (2x2) was adopted using the two-way ANOVA test. Analyzes of in vivo and in vitro studies were performed using Student's T test and one-way ANOVA test.
Results: The results of the pilot study indicate that the decline in muscle function begins at 14 months of age, evidenced by the reduction in physical performance, lean mass and gastrocnemius muscle weight and antioxidant capacity of the muscle. On the other hand, the physical training routine up to 14 months improved body composition, inflammatory profile, redox status and protected the muscle against reduction in the cross-sectional area of the fibers. The in vivo study showed an unfavorable outcome in response to the association between aging and diet-induced obesity on muscle and cardiac parameters, morphology, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolism. Furthermore, an increase in the expression of miRNA-21 and genes involved in the pro-inflammatory and catabolic response, and a reduction in the expression of genes involved in the antioxidant and anabolic response were observed in the gastrocnemius muscle. Physical training, especially the lifelong training protocol, attenuated the findings resulting from the association between aging and obesity on muscular and cardiac parameters, reduced the expression of miR-21 and increased the expression of miR-486. In in vitro studies, macrophages and myoblasts exposed to serum from aging and obese animals showed an increase in the pro-inflammatory and catabolic profile, respectively, while serum from trained animals, especially those that had undergone lifelong training, determined reduction of the pro-inflammatory and catabolic profile of cell cultures.
Conclusion: In the animal model studied, the association between sedentary lifestyle, aging and obesity induced by a high-fat diet determined muscle damage, especially in the inflammatory, oxidative and metabolic profiles, and these changes appear to be associated with the positive modulation of miR-21. On the other hand, regular physical exercise, especially throughout life, attenuated the changes caused by the association between aging and obesity in all parameters studied, in vivo and in vitro. Our findings reinforce the importance of adopting exercise routines throughout life as an effective tool against the effects of age, especially when associated with unhealthy eating habits.
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