This study aimed to produce biomass from the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata, using different cultivation conditions, including a mixture of effluents, in an airlift photobioreactor system, cultivated for 15 days. The first condition was condition A, used as control (100% seawater), followed by condition B utilizing a blend of industrial effluents (45% produced water, 15% seawater, and 30% vinasse wastewater); condition C (50% produced water and 50% marine water) and condition D (100% produced water). Microalgal growth, evaluated through the brightness curve between cell count and absorbance in a spectrophotometer, found that there was no significant difference in growth peaks between one condition and another, reaching the log phase with 6.72e05 cell number.mL-1 in conditions B, C and D, varying only the growth time. The biomass production that showed the highest efficiency was 2,257g.L-1 for condition B and 2,036g.L-1 for condition D. The best lipid yields were also in conditions B and D, with 7.22% and 6.25%, respectively, favorable to the generation of bioenergy, such as biodiesel. Research has shown that industrial symbiosis is the most efficient route in the treatment of industrial effluents, presenting significant results in the phycomediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), with a reduction of 82.51% in condition B, followed by 74.58% in condition D. The study also performed the ANOVA statistical analysis, together with the boxplot and the Tankey test, to evaluate the significance of biogeochemical variables in the growth of microalgae.

Produced petroleum water is an industrial by-product that presents a problem for the industry due to its high volume in relation to petroleum. This is due to the geochemical characteristics of the well, the greater the aging of the well, the greater the volume of produced water and the lower the volume of petroleum. Its characteristics are a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds such as: suspended solids, mixture of metals, soluble and insoluble organic matter, chemical additives, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), among others. The latter present a risk to human and environmental health. They have harmful physicochemical properties and can cause carcinogenic, toxicological, neurotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects.  The USEPA has classified these compounds into 16 priorities based on the characteristics mentioned above. They are also divided according to their molecular weight into low, intermediate and high molecular weight depending on the amount of benzene rings fused in their structure. There are several physical, chemical and biological treatments to treat this type of compounds present in wastewater, but the aim is to implement an environmentally friendly and cost-effective treatment that is more convenient compared to physical and chemical treatment. Within the biological treatment is present the phycoremediation, which is the use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, presenting itself as a promising biotechnology since it can use these compounds as nutrients in its metabolism. The present work aims to evaluate the removal of PAHs present in petroleum produced water using the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in heterotrophic and mixotrophic regimes. A photobioreactor array was designed with different concentrations of raw and sterilized produced water, diluted seawater and sterilized agricultural wastewater. Microalgal growth was monitored daily for 15 days, having an initial concentration of 1.18x105 cell/L^-1, treatment 3 had the highest concentration at the end of the experiment in the mixotrophic regime with a concentration of 4.36 x105 cell/L^-1. The best total removal efficiency of PAHs in the experiment was for treatment 4 when grown in the heterotrophic regime with a 91.9939% removal and treatment 6 with a 91.9906% in the heterotrophic regime; the statistical treatment showed that there was no significant difference in the removal process when the microalgae was grown in the two regimes.

This work was part of the Cooperative Network for the Development of Protocols for the
Assessment of Coastal Areas Impacted by Oil Spills and Application of Biotechnologies for
Remediation - REBICOP and aims to verify the effects of oil pollution on the translocation of
metals in specimens of Rhizophora mangle L. present in the mangroves of the locality of
Garapuá, Archipelago of Tinharé, region of Baixo Sul – Bahia, Brazil. The choice of this
species is justified due to its importance in the production of organic matter for this ecosystem
and other adjacent ones. For this, the Garapuá mangrove was divided into two collection areas
(Mangrove 1 and Mangrove 2) where samples of mangrove sediment and samples of leaves,
stems and roots of R. mangle were collected, for the determination of metals Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu,
Ni, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Mo, Al, Cd, Pb and V. In the sediment, the chemical elements were
analyzed using the partial extraction method and determination by ICP-OES. The following
analyzes were also carried out to characterize the sediment: granulometry, pH, salinity,
conductivity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), total nitrogen, in addition to the determination of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). In plant samples, the methodology of total
extraction of metals was used, as well as the external morphology analyzed and the visual
diagnosis of the leaves made, seeking to relate to possible alterations caused by the oil present
in the sediment. In addition, calculations were performed for the Translocation Factor (TF)
and for the Bioaccumulation Factor (BF) in order to evaluate the concentration of metals in
the leaves in relation to the concentrations found in the sediments. The results showed that the
concentration of elements Ca, Fe, Cu, Ni, Na, P, Mo, Al, Cd, Pb and V were higher in
Mangrove 1, while metals Mg, Mn and Zn were higher in Mangrove 2. Only the Mo
concentration was higher than the soil reference values. In plant samples, the concentration of
the elements Mn, P, Ca, Mg, K, was higher in the leaves, while only the elements Na, Fe and
Al showed a higher concentration in the roots. Pb and Zn were not absorbed by the roots,
whereas Ni, V and Mo were absorbed, but were retained in the roots, not being translocated to
other organs. The results showed a standard deviation of 14.68 between the leaf area averages
observed in the Garapuá mangrove, however, there was no significant difference (p>0.05)
between the observed areas. Of the 2400 leaves collected, only 208 (8.67 %) did not show any
type of change in external morphology. The changes that appeared most frequently were
necrosis (64.79 %) and grazing (57.33 %). There was a significant difference between the
total morphological changes found in the two collection areas. There was no difference in
environmental quality between Mangrove 1 and Mangrove 2, as well as no enrichment of
metals as a result of contamination by crude oil in the Garapuá mangrove. studied, since there
was no pattern for the concentration of elements in plant organs, nor for absorption of
elements in the two collection areas.

The oil spills are one of the most impactful sources of marine pollution, detected by SAR sensors as dark areas, regions with low backscatter values. Due to the complex mixture of hydrophobic hydrocarbons, mineral oil spills change the water surface tension, dampening capillary gravitational waves and causing specular reflection. In order to analyze the weathering process of oil spilling into the ocean through radar signal backscattering, we used the case study in the Oman Gulf, which connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, in March 2017, in which it released approximately 300 gallons of oil. We identified the relationship between the processes of oil weathering, its composition and shape, with changes in the backscatter values of oil spills in the ocean. The method projected zonal sections over the oil spills detected in the SAR images, to extract the backscatter values of each pixel along the section. The internal backscatter values range between -22.5 and -23.5 and indicate that the oil was still chemically bonded and not weathered to the point where it began to interact with seawater. The MEDSLIK-II simulations showed that the oil solubilization rate increased with the wind direction change, increasing the radar signal damping ratio and spreading the oil towards the shore. We observed that the backscatter at the edges of slicks tends to be higher than at the core, and this behavior is associated with the different weathering processes in the oil spill.

In the current scope of the circular bioeconomy, microalgae cultures play a fundamental role in the use of nutrients and organic material present in industrial and agro-industrial effluents. Microalgae can be efficient in removing toxic compounds such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the removal of pollutants, the cultivation of microalgae in effluents can also result in the production of biomass with the potential to generate biohydrogen. Biohydrogen is a renewable energy source that can be obtained from the gasification of microalgae biomass. Therefore, this research evaluated the efficiency of removal of PAHs, present in effluents from industry (petroleum produced water - OPW) and agroindustry (poultry effluent water - PEW), through the cultivation of microalgae in an Airlift photobioreactor, as well as the production of biomass with bioenergetic potential after removal. Four mesoscale cultures were carried out: Control, without the presence of PAHs - Seawater (SW) 100% + Conway medium; Treatment A - PEW 50% + OPW 50%; Treatment B - PEW 50% + SW 50%; and Treatment C - 50% OPW + 50% SW + 80 mL Conway medium + 11.20 g K2PO4 + 1.50E-2 g NaNO3. After carrying out the cultures, it was found that the highest PAHs removal efficiency (90.94%) was obtained in Treatment C (OPW 50% + SW 50%). This treatment was carried out with biostimulation by adding NO3 and PO4. Low molecular weight PAHs were removed more efficiently, with naphthalene having the highest percentage of removal (98.63%), followed by fluorene (91.58%). The second highest removal of PAHs was observed in Treatment A (82.32%) (PEW 50% + OPW 50%). In this treatment, naphthalene and fluorene were also the compounds removed in greater proportion (98.23% and 96.07%, respectively). Regarding biomass production, the highest amount was obtained in Treatment C (393.2 mg L-1 ), followed by Treatment B (317.66 mg L-1 ), while the lowest amount was observed in Treatment A (208 .10 mg L1 ). The research demonstrated an efficient strategy for removing PAHs present in industrial and agro-industrial effluents, with simultaneous production of high added value biomass.

Contamination by toxic metals in the municipality of Santo Amaro caused impacts on the
quality of soil, water and air, which made this municipality one of the most contaminated by
lead in the world. Ricinus communis L., present in abundance in the municipality, is used as a
phytoremediator in areas contaminated by metals and stores, in its seed, castor oil, with a high
added value, used for various purposes. However, the physical-chemical characterization of a
vegetable oil, obtained from a raw material collected in an area contaminated by metals, is
essential to understand the state of degradation in which the oil is found. Therefore, this study
aimed to evaluate the quality of Ricinus communis L. seed oil, coming from raw material
collected in soil contaminated by metals, specifically lead and cadmium, in the municipality of
Santo Amaro – BA. This study comprised the stages of bibliographical research, field collection
and analytical procedures, which consisted of: extraction, refining and physical-chemical
characterization through determinations of moisture, oil content, acidity, saponification value,
iodine value, hydroxyl value, color, and lead and cadmium concentration. From the results
found, it was verified that all parameters, with the exception of color, were within the oil's
commercialization standards. This fact was attributed to the presence of metals in the oil or to
the seed storage conditions, with the addition of refining steps being suggested as a solution,
in addition to strict control in the seed storage process.

This study integrates two distinct environmental investigations focused on the dynamics and structure of microbial communities in mangrove ecosystems impacted by contaminants. The first study was conducted in two different regions, selected based on the history of oil spill contamination that occurred in the mangrove of the São Paulo River, Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), Brazil. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical characteristics, such as grain size and organic matter, of mangrove sediments impacted by oil, observing and relating how the structure and function of the microbial community are altered in response to contamination. In the area closest to the oil refinery and with a history of pipeline accidents, the characterization of the organic matter, done by pyrolysis of the sediment, showed that this organic matter is less oxidized, likely residual from the decomposition of oil spilled in this region. Analyses of 16S rRNA sequencing enabled us to observe the distribution and diversity of microbial communities in these regions. Despite the total abundance of microorganisms not differing, there are distinct functional groups that regulate the biogeochemical processes driven by these communities. The second study is particularly focused on the mangrove of the Subaé River, TSB, a location with a history of heavy metal contamination, mainly lead and cadmium, and subject to risks of oil spills. This experimental study used sediments from the mangroves of the Jaguaripe (control area) and Subaé Rivers to evaluate, in mesocosms, the responses of the resident microbial communities of these sediments to acute oil contamination. The results showed that chronic metal contamination can select specific functional groups, altering the diversity and structure of the microbial community. After acute oil contamination, there was a greater divergence in microbial composition, with an increase in the presence of microorganisms specialized in the degradation of hydrocarbons. The combination of these studies highlights the complex interaction between organic and inorganic pollutants in mangrove ecosystems and how microbial communities adapt to these new environmental conditions. Both studies reinforce the importance of mangroves as critical biological filters, capable of handling a variety of contaminants and maintaining the health of the marine ecosystem. Furthermore, the studies emphasize the need to deeply understand the physicochemical characteristics of sediments and their impact on the microbiota to improve environmental remediation strategies and conservation of these vital ecosystems.

Shrimp farming has the potential to cause environmental contamination due to the
insertion of effluents rich in organic matter, nutrients and metals classified as potentially
toxic elements in the surrounding environmental systems. Metals tend to generate
bioaccumulation when inserted in the trophic chains of the biota, as well as effects on
reproduction, metabolism, population density and size of the local biota, for exemple
Anomalocardia brasiliana, which has great socioeconomic importance for the residents
of the municipalities on the western edge of the state. Todos os Santos Bay (BTS),
located in the State of Bahia and have shrimp farming activity in its coastal zone. The
State of Bahia has the sixth position in the ranking of shrimp farming in Brazil and this
activity has increased in the State. The research aims to evaluate the influence of shrimp
farming on nearby coastal environments, through the geochemical characterization of
tidal flats sediments, the presentation of sediment data collected from the bottom of
shrimp farming ponds and the verification of the influence of effluents on the
morphology of Anomalocardia brasiliana. The research was carried out in the
municipalities of Jaguaripe and Salinas da Margarida, located in the western area Todos
os Santos Bay. Surface sediments and A. brasiliana were collected and analyzed in
coastal areas of shellfish farming that are influenced by shrimp farming effluents; and
descriptive and multivariate statistical analyzes for data interpretation and discussion.
The research included the joint analysis of unpublished data and secondary data
obtained with the same collection and analytical methodologies. The following were
determined: nutrients (N, P, K); total organic carbon (TOC); salinity; pH; granulometry;
metals (Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Mg, Pb, Mo, Na, Ni, V and Zn) in the sediments. For
the mollusc, population density and biometry were determined. It was found, with
statistical significance (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05) that in the sediments collected at
the bottom of shrimp farming ponds there is an accumulation, in relation to the tidal
flats, of Cu elements (3,67 mg kg -1 ; 31% higher), Ni (1,99 mg kg-1; 114% higher), V
(5.56 kg-1, 3.47% higher), Zn (14.13 mg kg- 1, 26% higher), Ca (8380.28 mg kg -1 ,
310% higher) and TOC (1.01 mg kg -1 , 200% higher); there is also an accumulation of
nutrients (P: 930, 91 mg kg -1 , 1345% higher); N: 0.17%, 70% higher; K: 1981.40 mg kg -
1 , 6.38% higher) Ba had the highest concentration (15.07 mg kg -1 , 17.4% higher) in the
tidal flat sediments. The variability of data on A. brasiliana showed significant
differences between the biometric parameters, however the population density was
309% higher in areas far from effluents and shrimp farming.

The Tucano Basin (TB) comprises the central portion of the Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá (RTJ)
intracontinental rift that was aborted during the Eo-Aptian. Its origin is related to the crustal
extension that occurred in the Early Cretaceous, with the fragmentation of the Gondwana
supercontinent and the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. There are few published studies on
the Tucano Basin regarding the generation of hydrocarbons. Thus, the present work aims to
contribute to the knowledge of the generating potential of the southern compartment of this
basin, through the evaluation of the shales of the Ilhas Group (which is undivided) and of the
Candeias Formation in a well (TBO-1-BA) and the modeling 1D for hydrocarbon generation
conditions. The data from this well were provided by the ANP, and then, the geochemical
characterization of samples of these shales was carried out with data on TOC, pyrolysis and
macerals containing kerogen. Well 1-TBO-1-BA is in the central-west portion of the basin
with a depth of 3,598 m. The Ilhas Group has the highest TOC contents, reaching values of
2.6%, while the Candeias Formation reaches 1.4%. Regarding thermal maturity for the
generation of hydrocarbons the samples of the Candeias Formation present greater maturity in
relation to the Ilhas Group, which would make it a more interesting exploratory target, with
Tmax values between 448 oC and 451 oC and %Ro between 0.84 and 0. 94%. Samples from
the Ilhas Group range from immature at its top (Tmax = 432 oC, Ro =0.55%) to mature at its
base (Tmax = 450 oC, Ro = 0.77%). The Van Krevelen type diagram classifies the kerogen
contained in the shale samples from the two units as predominantly type II and III but
evaluating itself with the set of maturity data and macerals made available by the ANP, it is
suggested that there is a mixture of types I and II. For the construction of the basin's thermal
and subsidence history, Schlumberger's Petromod software was used, inserting geological and
geochemical data and the crust (4.0) and mantle (1.1) stretching factors in the Mckenzie
module. As a result, the heat flow and subsidence curve in geological time is obtained. The
heat flow variation for Well 1-TBO-1-BA in the initial phase of the rift was 32 mW/m2
(Barremian) reaching 57 mW/m2

at the end of the rift phase (Aptian), with an erosion
thickness of the well of 500 meters (350 meters at the top of the São Sebastião Formation and
150 meters at the top of the Marizal Formation). The modeling results reinforced that the base
shales of the Candeias Formation have greater potential for the generation of hydrocarbons
than those of the Ilhas Group, with its greater potential for oil generation, since the Candeias
Formation has reached greater maturity (paleo-temperatures reaching 148 oC and Ro to
approximately 1%), reaching a transformation rate of 48%, while in the Ilhas Group there was

no transformation. It was evident that the generation process was predominant during the syn-
rift phase in theBarremian-Aptian (128 to 124 Ma), demonstrating that the heat flow from the

basin opening process is the predominant factor for the maturation of organic matter. To
verify which conditions would be ideal for the shales of these units to generate high potential
conditions, a hypothetical well (HP-1) mirrored in well 1-TBO-1-BA was modeled,
modifying the depth conditions of the well(5.600 metros) and the mean values of TOC(Ilhas
Group 2,0 %Ro, Candeias Formation 1,7 %Ro) and IH(Ilhas Group 650 mgHC/gCOT,
Candeias Formation 550 mgHC/gCOT). With these changes, there were significant changes
in the thermal maturation of the units and, consequently, in the transformation rates with gás
generation. The Candeias Formation reached 2.3 %Ro and the Ilhas Group 1.4 %Ro, with the
two units reaching a 100% transformation rate and this condition may be feasible, since the
basin can reach a depth of 7,000 meters, indicating an important prospective potential for the
low blocks of this sub-basin.

The present research focused on the geochemical study of rock samples (siltites, marls, and
shales) from the Pirara Formation, from the core obtained in the R-B0-SR-01 well drilled in
the Tacutu Basin, State of Roraima, northern Brazil. This study is justified by the fact that,
despite the volume of subsurface data (geophysical methods) and the few geochemical data
(surface geochemistry) about the basin, a broader and more robust geochemical
characterization of the organic matter is necessary for a better evaluation of the effective
potential of the Pirara Formation for the generation of oil. Following this proposal, the
research had an as main objective: to geochemically characterize the rocks of the Pirara
Formation regarding the potential for the generation of hydrocarbons and to estimate the
thermal evolution and the conditions of the paleoenvironment of deposition. The studies
involved analyzes of Total Organic Carbon (TOC); Pyrolysis-Rock-Eval (S1, S2, S3, Tmax, HI,
and OI); gas chromatography of Total Organic Extract (whole oil); saturated biomarkers, and
stable carbon isotopes. This research showed that: the levels of TOC, in the analyzed samples,
are between 0 and 7.78%. The insoluble residue (IR) values ranged between 23.32% and
94.34%. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis data provided distinct characteristics between the analyzed
samples, which in general showed an oil potential that varied from poor to very good, but
only five samples had good oil potential, despite being considered residual values due to the
high maturation. The values of IH and OI, despite being also residual, indicate the existence
of types I, II, and III kerogens. The gas chromatography analyzes of the organic extracts
showed results with chromatogram patterns that represent light oil, partially biodegraded
petroleum, and biodegraded petroleum. The percentages of the oil fractions (saturated,
aromatics, and NSO compounds) suggest that the organic matter of the samples from the
Pirara Formation has a tendency of high thermal maturity (high percentage of the saturated
fraction) and a high degree of biodegradation (high percentage of the fraction NSO) for some
samples. The results of the analysis of saturated biomarkers in all samples show features that
suggest very high thermal maturity. The diagnostic reasons for the saturated biomarkers
suggest that the organic matter that gave rise to the organic extracts is mostly from marine
planktonic organisms (algae and bacteria) and lesser contributed by terrestrial organic matter.
The depositional paleoenvironment is characterized by a transitional-marine environment with
variable and variable salinity and suboxic/anoxic conditions. The sedimentation was of the
mixed type (siliciclastic and carbonate) and the kerogen has thermal maturity referring to the
late window of oil generation. All samples have biomarkers indicative of degradation, but
with evidence of mixing with oil generated by the same source rock at different times.

Accidents involving oil spills are one of the most evident forms of contamination due to
the perception and concern on the part of the population considering their acute nature
and greater visibility. In the second semester of 2019, an extensive oil spill was reported
along the northeast coast of Brazil, reaching the coast of Maranhão to the north of Rio de
Janeiro estates. Immediate socioeconomic impacts were observed in the affected areas,
but the medium and long term impacts on biological and abiotic factors of coastal systems
are still unknown. Mangroves are among the most concerning ecosystems for these
studies, especially because they are highly sensitive to oil pollution according to the Oil
Sensitivity Maps. In this scenario, the analysis of sediments is of paramount importance
since are one of the main reservoirs for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
may act as a secondary source of contamination for several organisms. The objective of
this work is to evaluate the levels and temporal variations in PAH compositions in
superficial mangrove sediments affected by the oil spill. Samplings were carried out in
seven locations along the coast of Bahia in three distinct periods: approximately 12, 18
and 24 months after the spill. 21 PAHs were analyzed, including the 16 U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority one. The compounds were extracted
and quantified using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) Mean
PAHs concentrations (∑21 PAHs) in the analyzed sediments ranged from 223.5 ± 12.9 to
415.5 ± 38.0 ng g-1

in dry weight (d.w.). BbF, BkF, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and IcdP were
the most abundant individual PAHs. The highest mean concentrations (± standard
deviation – sd) were detected at Rio São Paulo (415.5 ± 38.0 ng g-1

) and Boipeba (324.0

± 190.4 ng g-1

). The results suggests that chronic contamination is more relevant in this

scenario than spill reported in 2019-2020.

The Amazonas Basin is an intracratonic basin of about 620,000 km² located in northern
Brazil, covering parts of the states of Pará and Amazonas. In this basin there are
Devonian shales belonging to the Barreirinha Formation, enriched in organic matter and
conducive to the generation of hydrocarbons. The present work aimed to evaluate the
depositional paleoenvironment, the hydrocarbon generating potential and the thermal
maturation of shales from the Barreirinha Formation outcropping on the southern edge
of the Amazon Basin. For this, 24 samples were collected from outcrops along the BR-
230, near the city of Rurópolis, state of Pará, which were submitted to a sequence of
laboratory analyzes to carry out the organic geochemical characterization. The TOC
contents found in the collected samples vary between 1.00% and 5.39%, demonstrating
variation in the conditions of production and preservation of organic matter, and the
values of S2 varied between 1.34 and 12.23 mg HC/g rock, with the potential for source
potential rated from low to excellent. The IR values varied between 99.70% and
99.92%, configuring a totally siliciclastic sediment deposition. The low levels of S1 (<
0.5 mg HC/g rock) indicate that there was little natural generation of hydrocarbons,
reflecting the low degree of thermal maturation, as indicated by the values of Tmax (<
440°C) and production index (PI < 0.1). The organic matter present is classified as
being of types II and III, according to the parameters of HI and OI. Through the analysis
of HTPs, the contribution of algal organic matter of marine origin is explained by the
aquatic/terrestrial ratio (TAR<1). Still in this analysis, the variable preferential carbon
index (PCI) ratios, in addition to the pristane/phytane ratio (Pr/Ph >1) and the
relationship between the Pristane/n-C17 and Phytane/n-C18 ratios, demonstrate an
environment marine depositional with some terrestrial contribution, oxic to suboxic.
The relative distribution of regular C27–C28–C29 steranes and the ratios
hopane/sterane (< 4), gammacerane/(gammaceran + C30 hopane), TPP/TPP + DIA (<
0.4), retention/9-MF (< 0.1) and DBT/PHEN (< 1.0) reinforce the evidence that the
composition of organic matter in outcrops is essentially of marine origin with terrestrial
contributions, corroborated by the distribution of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen,
and the values very negative recorded for δ13C (between -28.83% and -32.91%) reflect
the environmental conditions of high atmospheric concentrations of рCO2 (greenhouse
climate) and a high stratification of the oceans that occurred during the Paleozoic. The
saturated and aromatic biomarkers also reinforce the thermal immaturity of the shales of
the Barreirinha Formation through the ratios Ts/Ts+Tm, 20S/(20S+20R), C32S/(C32S +
C32R), MA(I)/MA(I+II ) and TA(I)/TA(I+II).

DANTAS, C. P. Prospecting of enzymes from petroleum degrading microbial consortium.
2022. 283f. Thesis (PhD in geochemistry: petroleum and environment) - Federal University of
Bahia. 2022.
Proteomics is considered an emerging biotechnological tool that helps to understand the
mechanisms involved in the biotransformation/biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Therefore, this
work aimed to prospect the differential enzymatic patterns of the microbial consortium degrading
oil from the Recôncavo Baiano basin in the presence of the contaminant for future applications in
recovery systems of environments impacted by oil. The mixed microbial consortium is composed
of 10 bacteria and 23 fungi of marine origin, which were identified by the Sanger method using the
16S and ITS genes. The consortium was subjected to constant agitation at 180 rpm at 35°C for 7
days to assess crude oil depletion and identify enzymatic patterns in the presence of oil. The
concentration of hydrocarbons was detected by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization
detector according to the protocol adapted from USEPA 3510 and the degradation was evaluated

by the ratios Pr/Ph, Pr/C17, Ph/C18, HTP/UCM and others. The peptides were sequenced using MS-
MS liquid chromatography and the enzymes were identified using the PatternLab for Proteomics

software. From the preliminary results it was possible to verify that there was a reduction of
resolved hydrocarbons and unresolved complex mixture hydrocarbons, as well as isoprenoids,
pristane and phytane. The proteomic analysis revealed the predominance of enzymes related to the
stress response, transport and translation/transcription when in the presence of oil and also
indicated the existence of enzymes associated with the degradation of xenobiotics, indicating their
possible use in biotechnological applications. That said, the construction of a library of proteins
related to crude oil allows the understanding of the degradation potential of the microbial
consortium, as well as lays the foundations for the optimization of a more robust system of
environmental recovery.

The present work aimed to evaluate the paleodepositional conditions and the potential for hydrocarbon generation in the Pojuca Formation, Recôncavo Basin. For this, an organic geochemical characterization of 48 originating from a borehole (9-FBA-79-BA well) was carried out, near the city of Aramari. The levels of total organic carbon (TOC) vary from 1.24 to 4.85%, denoting the heterogeneity in the conditions of production and preservation of organic matter. The results of the Rock Eval pyrolysis indicated kerogen predominantly type I / II, and type III in some of it. The hydrocarbon source potential (S2) varied from poor to excellent (1.26 to 26.56 mg HC / g rock), low to good concentration of free hydrocarbons (S1) and maximum temperature (Tmax) of Rock Eval pyrolysis indicate thermal immaturity for hydrocarbon generation (<440oC), validated by the ratios pristane/ n-C17 and phytane/ n-C18> 1, C29 steranes S/S+R, αββ/αββ+ααα, TS/(TS+TM), and by the greater abundance of NSO compounds. Such results were consistent with the TOC values, making it possible to identify that those with the highest TOC and S2 values have high IH (hydrogen index) and low IO (oxygen index) values, corroborated by kerogen type I / II thus validating the quality of organic matter. As a sponsor with low source potential, they have high IO values and low IH values, proportionally, configuring type III kerogen (oxidized organic matter). Through the stable carbon isotopes analysis (-33.83 ‰ to -21.54 ‰) and saturated biomarkers it was possible to infer that the depositional paleoenvironment from the Pojuca Formation was lacustrine with variations in water salinity, indicated by the positivity of the δ¹³C values of some samples suggesting an arid environment with a lot of water evaporation, and that, possibly, in some moments during the deposition of the Pojuca Formation, there was an influx of saline waters in the basin, favoring greater proliferation of algae in relation to bacteria.

The present study aims to determine the chemical elements in road dust collected in an oil activity area in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. For the development of this research, the municipalities of Salvador, Simões Filho, Candeias, São Francisco do Conde and Madre de Deus were selected, with 17 collection points being established, distributed according to the proximity of oil industry areas and with the presence of a road network. The sample preparation process involved the homogenization of the collected material and subsequent separation of the particle size fraction. An adaptation process of the acid extraction method was carried out with the mixture HCl+HNO3+H2O2 applied to the close digester block using the certified reference materials (CRM) of road dust (BCR 723), Fly ash (BCR 176R) and phosphate rock (NIST 120C). The results of the limits of quantification (LoQ) and detection (LoD) demonstrate that there was no significant contamination and values ranged from 0.006% (Fe) to 30 mg kg-1 (Pb) for LoD, and from 0.020% (Fe) at 99 mg kg-1 (Pb) for LoQ. The results vary in agreement between 83.5 ± 2.5 (Co) and 103.1 ± 2.1 % (Fe) for the BCR 723, between 80.0 ± 2.9 (Cu) and 118.4 ± 3 .2 (Sb) for the BCR 176R and between 93.4 ± 0.6 (P) and 114.3 ± 0.7 (S) for the NIST 120C for the certified materials analyzed, showing a good agreement between the determined values and those certified for each element, therefore, accuracy being accepted, with a 95% confidence level. For road dust samples collected in the RMS, the elements As, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, V and Zn were determined. The mean concentrations of the other elements ranged between 6.6 and 51.5 µg g-1 (As); 179 and 8,008.5 µg g-1 (Cu); 1.4 and 77.7 µg g-1 (Co); 2.02 and 6.69% (Fe), 0.07 and 4.94% (Mn); 3.0 and 48.3 µg g-1 (Mo), 55.5 - 187.8 µg g-1 (Pb); 0.06 and 2.18% (P); 27.4 and 318 µg g-1 (Ni), 0.15 and 1.48% (S); 25.2 and 207.6 µg g-1 (V) and 211 and 654 µg g-1 (Zn). For classification of the collection environment through the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the enrichment factor (EF), it was found that most points are found as uncontaminated (class 0) and moderate or uncontaminated (class 1) for Igeo, and for EF, most elements had values less than 1 or negative at the collection points. Statistical analyzes of the results were carried out. The PCA showed that the first three main components were sufficient to describe the data, presenting a total accumulated variance corresponding to 76.45%. At HCA, situations with 56% similarity between road dust samples were formed. The first formed by points P12, P14, P15 and P17, and the other group formed by points P1, P2 and P4-P11. These results are in agreement with those found in the PCA, that is, corroborating the multivariate data analysis. Points P3 (Candeias) and P16 (Simões Filho) were the points that showed less dissimilarity with the other analyzed points, indicating a possible enrichment of the chemical elements found in these points, confirmed by the EF values.

ABSTRACT

The present work aimed to evaluate the potential for hydrocarbon generation and the conditions of the depositional paleoenvironment of the Barreirinha Formation, Amazon Basin, from the characterization of organic geochemistry and palinofacies analysis. For this, 60 outcrop samples were collected along the southern compartment of the basin, near the city of Itaituba, state of Pará, where there are indications of the outcropping of the black shales of the Barreirinha Formation. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents found in the collected samples vary between 0.04% and 6.59%, thus constituting a big difference in the production and preservation conditions of the organic matter. The values of insoluble residue (IR) do not vary (around 99%) denoting a predominantly silicy-sedimentation (shales with low carbonate associated). Regarding sulfur, the values ranged from 0.05 to 5.72%, showing a deposition in marine environments. The parameters provided by the Rock-Eval pyrolysis also reflect the variations in the depositional conditions of the geological formation under study. The potential for hydrocarbon generation ranges from low to excellent, emphasizing that the samples with the highest generating potential (S2) values have higher TOC contents. This characteristic is justified by the good quality of the organic matter, since such samples have high values of Hydrogen Index (IH) and low values of Oxygen Index (IO), conforming type I / II kerogen. On the other hand, samples with low potential are those with lower TOC values and higher IO values, configuring type II kerogen. Regarding the free hydrocarbon values present in the samples (S1), the low values of S1 (<0.5 mg HC / g rock) indicate that there was little natural generation of hydrocarbons by the rocks under study. This fact is due to the low degree of thermal maturation, as indicated by the values of Tmax (<440ºC) and production index (IP <0.1).Except for some samples from the IT05 outcrop that showed Tmax values (> 440 ° C) indicating that these samples underwent thermal maturation due to the effect of intrusive rocks. Through analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons, the contribution of algalic organic matter is made explicit by the aquatic-terrestrial ratio (ART). Still in this analysis, the ratio between Pristane and Fitane isoprenoids indicate differences between anoxic and toxic environments, corroborating the interpretation of variations in the depositional paleoenvironment of the Barreirinha Formation. The evaluation of saturated biomarkers allows us to state that the organic matter present in the samples has marine origin with terrestrial contribution and low thermal maturation. Palinofacial analysis shows that there is a predominance of amorphous organic matter (MOA) in the samples, with moderate amount of palinomorphs and subordinate amounts of phytoclasts.

The present study characterized the elemental and isotopic ratios of COT, N, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and C / N and the concentrations of the chemical elements Al, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in five sediment cores collected along the Serinhaem River estuary, Bahia, Pratigi-Bahia Environmental Protection Area, with the objective of investigating the origin of organic matter and verifying the influence of depth and location on the distribution of geochemical variables along the estuary. The δ¹³C values found in the mangrove are characteristic of terrestrial sources, as well as the δ¹⁵N values, thus remaining throughout the Serinhaem River estuary. The C/N ratio also confirmed the data found by δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, indicating that the origin of organic matter is of terrestrial origin, precisely from plants with a C3 type photosynthetic pattern. In T1 and T2, the highest C/N values were found, which can be justified by high concentrations of TOC or decrease in N. Allied to this, these testimonies were collected near the city of Ituberá, and there may have been some punctual event. Fe, Al and Mn were found in large quantities due to the composition of the basin to which the study area belongs and most elements had a significant correlation with Fe, Al and Mn, which may have the same origin or be associated Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides, as well as aluminosilicates. Although Cr, As and V are correlated with Fe, Mn and Al, their concentrations are above those established by NOAA, suggesting adverse effects on biota. The concentrations of Bário grew towards the mouth, where it meets the Camamu Bay, which is naturally enriched with this element. Allied to this, it was possible to observe that along the vertical profile, the variations in the concentrations of the elements and variables were not high, while along the estuary, it was possible to verify that the cores differ from each other. When comparing the results found with values established by CONAMA and with areas little altered by anthropogenic activities, the Serinhaem River estuary can be considered relatively little influenced by human activities. The results obtained will serve as a base line for future environmental studies in the Serinhaem River estuary and for monitoring it, since no study has been carried out so far to investigate the origin of organic matter and the behavior of chemical elements in cores.

Mangroves are complex ecosystems with great ecological importance for coastal regions around the world, but they have been threatened due to various activities related to the oil industry worldwide. This research aims to study the technological development of the use of fungi and hydrocarbon plant extract and to evaluate the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAHs in mangrove sediments, using bio-augmentation with fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp., and of biostimulation with a plant extract taken from the leaf of Alocasia Macrorrhizos (l.) g.don in bioreactors. As a result, it was possible to observe the technological development aimed at the recovery of areas impacted by oil and the greater investment since 2012, being a technology still under development, that there is a low storage of inventions related to applications of fungi and plant extracts in hydrocarbon biodegradation, that most of the processes that involve bio-augmentation are related to the use of hydrocabonotics and that countries like China and the United States of America are the ones that have a greater number of inventions due to their high investment in research. The experiment took place in bioreactors that include mangrove sediment and estuarine water, in order to offer the microorganisms present an environmental condition or the next most natural possible. As a result, removal rates were higher in the condition in which there was a union of two techniques, biostimulation associated with biostimulation, with 39.81% removal of PAHs studied, followed by biostimulation with 28.53% removal, biostimulation with 23.57 % removal and intrinsic bioremediation with 6.61% removal, and the biodegradation of low molecular weight PAHs was higher than high molecular weight PAHs, with emphasis on Pyrene, or high molecular weight PAH which had the highest removal rates in this study and plant extract shown as a good biostimulating agent for indigenous microorganisms in mangrove sediments, at about 5 times the percentage of degradation when displayed in natural attenuation. A statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between phosphorus and nitrogen in the biodegradation of compounds such as Naphthalene, Fluorene, Acenaftilene, Pyrene, Crisene, Benzo (a) Pyrene and Dibenzo (a) anthracene.

Mangroves are ecosystems located in the transitional region between the continent and the oceans of tropical and subtropical environments. They are subject to the action of the tide, and its occurrence and development are controlled by regional and global factors, such as oceanographic/climatic characteristics and the presence of human activities. Considering that mangrove ecosystems have important ecological, social, and economic functions, it is essential to have a greater understanding of their responses to natural and anthropogenic pressures. This assessment can be done by analyzing the behavior of organic matter deposited in mangroves through the determination of organic molecular markers, as n-alkanes. These are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons produced mainly by primary producers, such as higher plant and phytoplankton. As they have specific sources and chemical stability, n-alkanes can be used to identify the main sources of organic matter in aquatic systems. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate, through the analysis of n-alkanes in sedimentary cores, the temporal changes in the deposition of organic matter in the southern limit of occurrence of mangroves on the west coast of the South Atlantic. Two sedimentary cores were collected in the Santo Antônio lagoon (LSA, Santa Catarina - Brazil), were sliced into 1 cm sections. Based on stratigraphic discontinuities, two bulk samples (10 g each) from both sediment cores were selected for ¹⁴C analysis. The granulometric, total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) analyzes were performed every 5 cm. The first analysis was performed using a particle analyzer by laser diffraction, and the last two were performed using an Elementary Analyzer. The analysis of n-alkanes occurred every 5 cm from collected cores, using a Gas Chromatography coupled with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). This thesis is in scientific article format, the specific abstract of which will be presented in its corresponding chapter.

Coastal systems are essential in the global carbon cycle, acting as sources of organic
matter (O.M.) for the oceans or as carbon sinks through the accumulation of this
element in sediments. The characterization of the main sources (natural or
anthropogenic) of O.M. is an important indicator of productivity and anthropic impacts
on the environment. It can be made by the analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable
isotopes or the analysis of organic molecular markers, as n-alkanes. Todos os Santos
Bay (TBS), the second largest bay in Brazil, has important ecosystems such as
mangroves, Atlantic forest, apicuns and coral reefs. Although the bay is important,
different anthropogenic activities are developed in its area and surroundings, that
increase the input of effluents (domestic, agricultural, or industrial) and contamination
by petroleum. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the main natural and
anthropogenic sources of O.M. for a large tropical that present anthropogenic impacts.
For this, 61 samples of surface sediments were collected at TBS, granulometric
fractions were analyzed; and total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), δ 13 C and
δ 15 N; and concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C 10 - n-C 35 ) in sediment. The concentrations of
TOC, TN and n-alkanes ranged from 0.10 to 2.18%, 0.04 to 0.22% and 1.65 to 11.4 μg
g -1 (dry weight), respectively. There are marine, terrestrial sources and the anthropic
influence for O.M. deposited. The predominance of high molecular weight n-alkanes
(C 29 and C 31 ) indicates the main source of these compounds for TBS is higher plants.
The planktonic sources were observed in central areas and entrance of the bay, and
degradation processes of the O.M. by bacteria occurred mainly in the regions of sand
granulometry.

Microbial communities in sediments are directly responsible for the biogeochemical cycles that sustainecosystems. Therefore, it is imperative to study natural variations and distinguish them from the effectscaused by environmental impacts on the structural and functional diversity of these communities. This studywas carried out with sediment samples from the Juliana River, Bahia, which flows through an environmentalprotection area of the Atlantic Forest. This is an anthropogenically threatened biome whose original area hasalready been reduced by 89%. In this work, amplicons from the 16S rRNA gene are used to describe thetaxonomic profiles and predict the functional characteristics of the prokaryotic communities. Sediment collections were carried out in the source, valley and in two mangrove areas, one natural and the otherlocally impacted by domestic sewage. Laboratory experiments were carried out with samples of sedimentsfrom the source, to qualify the impact of glyphosate (pesticide) and crude oil on the biogeochemical cycle ofnitrogen. The results revealed variations in prokaryotic biodiversity either induced by natural and anthropicfactors. In natural sediments, biodiversity decreases in the direction of the river flow, from the head to thedelta. The prevalence of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in natural sediments was observed for all areas of theriver. Along the course of the river, the replacement of phyla prevalent in freshwater environments, such asBacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, by phyla prevalent in coastal sediments, such as Crenarchaeota wasobserved. The functional potentials correlated positively with biodiversity, except for the for photosynthesis,with opposite trend. Environmental impacts (sewage, glyphosate or oil) result in distinct structural andfunctional changes. The presence of sewage in the mangrove sediments leads to an increase in biodiversity,however, it favors the colonization of exogenous taxa associated with pathogenicity. There is also asignificant decrease in some native mangrove taxa, including Firmicutes and the Planctomycetes group,which are responsible for the anammox process, thus impacting the nitrogen cycle. The mangrove area alsoshows variations that correlate with the tidal zones and environmental variables such as organic matter andsalinity. Experiments indicated that nitrate consumption in non-impacted sediments was 0.90 mg/L/min. Theaddition of oil and glyphosate reduced this consumption rate by 15% and 50%, respectively. Therefore, theimpact caused by the pesticide was greater on the nitrogen transformation activity. After 7 days ofincubation, there was an increase in the biodiversity in the sediments treated with glyphosate, compared tothe control, indicating that the community benefited from this compound. The oil treatment caused a greatdecrease in the prokaryotic biodiversity in the sediments, indicating a possible degree of toxicity for mostorganisms. The Firmicutes phylum also showed sensitivity to changes caused by the incubation process,decreasing significantly in all treatments after 7 days, prevailing only in non-impacted conditions.Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, mainly the family Corynebacteriaceae, dominated the sediments exposedto crude oil, possibly being the main hydrocarbonoclastic groups in the samples. In general, the functionalprofiles of sediments exposed to disturbances suggest that most metabolisms can be maintained due to thefunctional redundancy of these communities. A variety of taxa contributed to the different metabolicpathways, suggesting that sediments with greater biodiversity also have greater resilience against anthropicimpacts.

The estuarine regions are of great importance to the populations mainly due to the diversity of natural resources. They have great environmental, social and economic wealth, but for decades they are subject to the consequent impacts of anthropic activities. The objective was to observe the dispersion provided by the formation of oil-suspended particulate material aggregates (OSAs), to use the data obtained as a guiding tool in the prevention of ecotoxicological impacts. The characterization results indicate that although the region has important ecological functions, it is impacted by anthropic activities related to the operations of the oil and other industries, inadequate occupation of its banks and port practices that occur in the Baía de Todos so Santos. The degradation occurred could be characterized by dissolved oxygen values varying between 2.82 - 6.52 mgL-1, ammonia, in the sampling stations 10 to 13 varying between 1.4-1667 mgL-1, and nitrate, in the stations of (0.70 mg L -1), due to the concentration of metals associated with suspended particulate matter (SPM), which present risks ecosystems and by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SPM of anthropogenic origin. Parallel to this, the formation results of the OSA indicate that the characteristics of the water collected at station P17 was the one that most dispersed PAHs to the water column (566,989.84 μg g -1). The biogeochemical characteristics that most influenced the formation of OSA were the concentrations of chlorophyll a and salinity. In general terms, there were higher dispersions for the water column, potentiating the biodegradation of these compounds by hydrocarboclastic organisms, increasing the ecotoxicity for pelagic organisms, however, reducing the ecotoxicological impacts associated with the presence of PAHs to benthic organisms. The exceptions were the stations: 2, 4, 7, 8, 14 and 18 that formed OSA with negative buoyancy and presented higher rich of ecotoxicological impacts for the substrate of the region. From the results found, it is possible to suggest that the areas of the sampling stations: 2, 4, 7, 8, 14 and 18 as a priority for the application of protective measures in case of oil spill accidents, although PAH concentrations of accordance with ERM (NOAA) presents ecotoxicological risks throughout the estuary. The simulation studies for the formation of OSAs presented relevant results both in predicting the dispersion of PAHs and as a guiding tool in the prevention and mitigation of ecotoxicological impacts in estuarine environments affected by hydrocarbons.

In order to evaluate contamination by PCBs in a tropical bay exposed to different anthropic pressures, samples of bivalves (mangrove oyster, mangrove mussel and clams) were collected in different parts of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. In addition, samples of bivalves and fish, purchased in a seafood market in the city of Salvador were analyzed to study human exposure to PCBs through ingestion. Identification and quantification of PCBs were done by GC/MS after microwave extraction and purification with sulfuric acid. In samples of bivalves, concentrations ranged from <0.08 to 50.13 ng g ^-1 (dry weight), with the highest values being detected in mangrove oyster, followed by clams and mangrove mussel of the Subaé estuary and Madre de Deus/Mataripe; both regions known to be impacted by anthropic activities. Regarding fish samples, froma all 12 species analyzed, only 5 presented levels of PCBs above the detection limit, ranging from 0.23 to 4.55 ng g ^-1 and 0.51 to 26.05 ng g ^-1 by dry weight and lipid weight, respectively. In general, concentrations of PCBs in BTS are lower than in most regions around the world, especially those located in the Northern Hemisphere. Indexes showed that local biota should not feel adverse effects related to the presence of these contaminants, just as the consumption of the fish marketed in the city of Salvador apparently does not represent a clear risk to human health.

The present work is derived from the project entitled "Advanced Molecular Characterization Project" belonging to the Center of Excellence in Oil Geochemistry of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), which received financial support from Royal Dutch Shell through the "Commitment to Investments in Research and Development "with the National Petroleum Agency (ANP), within the scope of GEOQPETROL Program. Saturated biomarkers of petroleum are highly complex organic compounds found in low concentrations in virtually all types of oils and source rocks. These biomarkers have been extensively investigated at the molecular level and used in geochemical diagnostic ratios to obtain information on the physicochemical conditions of the depositional paleoenvironment of the source rock, on the origin and input of the organic matter, the degree of thermal maturity and the level of biodegradation of the oils. The use of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) makes it possible to identify these compounds, however, due to the complexity of the samples and the high intrinsic similarity to these types of compounds, it is necessary a more sensitive equipment allowing a higher level of sensitivity, as an example of the gas chromatograph coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (CG-MS / MS). The aim of this work was to optimize a method for analysis of source rock extracts and crude oil for determination the saturated biomarkers by GC-MS / MS in MRM mode and compare qualitatively and by multivariate statistical analysis the effects on the behavior of the diagnostic ratios, obtained by the modes SIM and MRM, used in the geochemical evaluations of depositional paleoenvironment of the source rock. Five crude oil samples and eight source rocks from Brazilian sedimentary basins with different characteristics were used. The extraction of soluble organic matter from the rocks was carried out by accelerated extraction of solvent and obtaining the saturated fraction by column chromatography. The results of the chromatographic analyses, in the SIM and MRM modes, showed that there were differences between the two modes, in relation to the resolution of certain compounds, as well as in the trend of increasing or decreasing diagnostic ratios widely employed in the depositional paleoenvironment. The GC-MS / MS technique in the MRM mode was more accurate for the group of rock extract samples than for the oils. However, for samples with a higher degree of maturity, as in the case of the oils studied, it is recommended to use GC-MS / MS in the MRM mode for the sterane family. The statistical analyses applied in this study, such as PCA and t-test, corroborated with the qualitative analyzes, since in general the samples were grouped according to their depositional paleoenvironments, showing differences between the monitoring modes used.

Coastal ecosystems located near urban and industrial centers have been impacted by organic
contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are formed by two or
more condensed aromatic rings with carcinogenic, mutagenic, recalcitrant and toxic potential.
The mangrove of the São Paulo estuary, north of Bahia de Todos os Santos (BTS), Bahia, is
located in a region of intense anthropic activities, located on the edge of the Landaupho Alves
de Mataripe Refinery (RLAM). Due to this reality, the objective of this study was to provide
subsidies for remediation of mangrove sediment, applying the phytoremediation technique with
red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) seedlings in the laboratory to remediation the 16 HPAs
considered by the State Environmental Protection Agency United States (USEPA). A
phytoremediation system was developed, simulating approximate conditions of the mangrove
environment, with seedlings cultivated for three months, in sediment artificially contaminated
with crude oil from the Recôncavo Basin. As a reference system, there were units in the same
conditions, but without the addition of the plant species, natural attenuation. The temporal
monitoring of the bioprocesses was performed at intervals of 20, 40 and 90 days. The
percentage of degradation of total PAH reached 60.76% (10,540.33 - 4,158.82 ng g-1) in
phytoremediation after 90 days, while in natural attenuation this value was 49.57% (10,540.33
- 5,315.45 ng g-1). In summary, individual concentrations of PAHs at the end of the experiment
were lower in 10 (Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene,
Chrysene, Benzo [b] Fluorantene, Benzo [k] Fluoranthene, Benzo [a] Pyrene) of the 16 HPAs
in the rhizospheric soil than in the non-rhizospheric soil. In the natural attenuation, 4 (Benzo
[a] Anthracene, Indeno [123, cd] Pyrene, Dibenzo [ah] Anthracene, Benzo [ghi] Perylene) of
the 16 HPAs were in lower concentrations than in phytoremediation. The remaining two
(Acenaphthylene and Acenaftene) obtained values above the initial, for both experiments.
PAHs consisting of 2, 3 and 5 aromatic rings, obtained higher degradation in phytoremediation
(37.57%, 69.71% and 29.73%, respectively). In contrast, HPAs with 4 and 6 aromatic rings
obtained better degradation in the natural attenuation, representing 52.39% - 22.24%
respectively. Regarding the Rhizophora mangle seedlings, there were no significant
differences between the contaminated and control simulation units, with both occurrence of
deformations in the leaves, and appearance of shoots. Phytoremediation with Rhizophora
mangle showed efficiency in the remediation of mangrove environments, although there were
no significant differences between natural attenuation. It is necessary to study the
microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of the species and interactions that occur
between pollutant exudates.

The present work had as objective to evaluate the potential for hydrocarbon generation and the paleodepositional conditions in outcropping shales in the Recôncavo Basin, from the organic geochemical characterization and analysis of palynofacies. For this, 23 samples of outcrops were collected along the Southern Compartment of the basin, near the cities of Santo Amaro, São Francisco do Conde and Simões Filho, state of Bahia. The TOC contents found in the collected samples vary between 0.06% and 6.77%, thus making a great difference in the conditions of production and preservation of the organic matter. The IR values ranged from 68.49% to 91.01%, indicating changes in the depositional paleoenvironment, which was favored by mixed sedimentation (marbles and carbonate shales), time by predominantly siliciclastic sedimentation (shales with low associated carbonate). As for sulfur, the values close to zero are compatible with the proposal of deposition in the lacustrine continental environment. The parameters provided by the Rock-Eval pyrolysis also depict the variations proposed in the Candeias Formation. It is possible to observe that the samples that present the highest values of potential generator (S2) are those that have higher TOC contents, being this characteristic justified by the quality of the organic matter. Samples with good potential for hydrocarbon generation have high HI values and low OI values, signaling to type I kerogen. Samples with little or no potential have high IO values, configuring type residual kerogen (oxidized O.M.). By analyzing the HTPs, the contribution of lacustrine organic matter is explicit by the ratio of odd-chain alkanes to the even-chain alkanes (carbon preferential index). Also in this analysis, the ratio between the isoprenoids Pristane and Phytane indicate differences between anoxic and oxic environments, corroborating the interpretation on variations in the depositional paleoenvironment of the Candeias Formation. The evaluation of the saturated biomarkers allows to affirm that the organic matter present in the samples has lacustrine origin of fresh water (but with variations between conditions with fresh/brackish water), input of algal material and superior vegetables, with all the samples presenting low termal maturity for hydrocarbon generation. This organic matter input and oxy-reduction potential changes are confirmed by the results of δ¹³C ratios. Very negative values (<-28 ‰) are related to lipid constituents, mainly from freshwater algae deposited in low oxidant conditions, while the less negative values (<-25 ‰) indicate lower algae contributions and more oxidizing conditions. The analysis of palinofacies shows that there is predominance of amorphous organic matter (AOM) in the samples, with subordinate quantities of phytoclasts and palynomorphs. Different states of preservation, qualified by different fluorescence intensities of the organic constituents (yellow-greenish to brown), prove the type I and IV (residual) kerogens. Correlating the data of organic geochemistry with those of palynofacies, it is possible to delimit more accurately the different organic facies identified, denoting that in the time of deposition of the shales there were variations in the depositional environment, ranging from conditions of deep lake, with tectonic influence and arid climate, associating large quantities and good quality of organic matter, until wet climatic phases, prevailing influence under the efflux of water (positive balance), not providing conditions for the production and preservation of O.M.

The Parnaíba Sedimentary Basin is located in northeastern Brazil in greater proportion and occupies approximately 600,000 km², has a thickness of sedimentary column reaching about 3,500 m and is distributed across the states of Piauí, Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins, Bahia and Ceará. Of its Formations, the main highlight is the Pimenteiras Formation, which was deposited during successive transgressions and marine regressions during the Devonian. During the deposition of this formation in the Frasnian age, there was the event of global anoxia through a large marine flood and a period of mass extinction on Earth. The objective of the present work is to describe the depositional paleoenvironment of Neo Devonian shales of the Pimenteiras Formation on the western edge of the Parnaíba Basin.
The samples were collected in Aparecida do Rio Negro (TO), in outcrops along the highway, where there were black shales and a possible contact between the Pepper and Head Formations. The characterization of the depositional environment by geochemistry and palinofacies, allowed to evaluate the depositional conditions with proximal tendencies along the studied section.
The total organic carbon index (TOC: 0.21 - 2.43%) results show low to high hydrocarbon generation potential. Data from rock-eval pyrolysis suggest little or no natural generation and also thermal immaturity, presenting a low free hydrocarbon content (S1) and low Tmax values. S2 values indicated low hydrocarbon potential.
The results of the readings of the 300 organic components in palynological slides of shale samples, present the main groups of organic matter: Palinomorphs, Phytoclasts and Amorphous Organic Matter (MOA). Some samples resulted from deposition in an environment with high preservation potential and low energy with large amount of MOA, but with toxic environment. Other samples presented environments close to terrestrial sources, with greater presence of spores and phytoclasts. A large number of prasinophytes belonging to the genera Pterospermella, Cymatiosphaera, Durvenaysphaera, Leiosperidia, Tasmanites, Hemiruptia and Maranhites were identified, indicating that there was marine ingress, stating a period of great flooding.
The analysis of the organic carbon isotopes (δ13C) presented values that ranged from -25.9 to -29.5 characteristic values of marine environment and terrestrial environment. Saturated biomarkers with distribution of the regular C27-C28-C29 steranes also suggest an alternation in the input of the predominantly terrestrial organic matter.

The present work is part of Project 3 entitled "Calibration of Optical and Molecular Parameters of Maturation of Non-Conventional Source Rocks" belonging to the Program: Formation of the Center of Excellence in Petroleum Geochemistry of the Institute of Geosciences of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) - GEOQPETROL ", financed by BG-SHELL Brazil, through the agreement BG E & P Brazil Ltda – UFBA - FAPEX. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the concentrations or ratios concentrations for transition elements (Co, Ni, V, and Mo) and internal transition (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu and U) as a parameter for the inorganic geochemical  characterization of shales, in outcrops of the Parnaíba and Parana Basins The use of the Ni / Co versus V / Ni ratios were used to characterize the origin of organic matter, whether lacustrine, transitional or marine; the U/Mo ratio for the characterization of the presence / absence of hydrogen sulphide; V / V + Ni, V / Ni and Ni / Co as indicators of the paleoenvironment conditions of deposition (oxic / anoxic); the Vversus Ni used for characterization of the organic matter deposition environment. The sum of the concentrations of rare earth elements (ETR) La-Lu, suggested the existence of several sets of samples containing kerogens of different origins. The higher concentration level of the ETR summation in the samples from the top of the outcrop, for Fm Pimenteiras and Fm Ponta Grossa, was due to the complexation of these by type II or II/III kerogen, present in these samples in higher concentrations. The Fm Irati samples, in spite of the total organic carbon concentration (TOC), presented numerically higher value in percentage concentration, presented a value for the sum of the lower ETR due to their complexation by type I kerogen. The determinations were performed for Ni and V for ICPOES, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu and U via ICP-MS. The results for the mentioned parameters were validated for the Pimenteiras Formations, Irati and Ponta Grossa, in the samples of the outcrops studied, whose knowledge of petroleum geochemistry and petroleum potential is already established for these formations through traditional organic geochemistry use of analytical techniques to determine the total organic carbon content (TOC), total sulfur, data from the Rock Eval pyrolysis and saturated biomarkers ratios. For the Parnaiba Basin the transition and internal transition elements were studied in outcrop samples of the Pimenteiras Formation, whose period of deposition occurred during the Devonian (Frasnian-Famenian). For the Paraná Basin the transition and internal transition elements were studied in outcrops samples of Irati Formation (Amaral Machado Quarry) whose period of deposition occurred during the Permian, and of Ponta Grossa Formation (Rivadavia section) whose period of deposition occurred during Devonian (Praguiano-Ensian))

The inclusion of recalcitrant organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from petrochemical industries in the mangrove ecosystem has motivated the development of technologies for the remediation of this environment. These remediation technologies include advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) because of their high efficiency in degrading organic pollutants. AOPs are based on the formation of chemical species with oxidative power, mainly hydroxyl radicals (● OH). Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been widely used to generate ● OH through a semiconductor with or without modification. In this sense, the objective of this research was to investigate the efficiency of the photocatalytic process using TiO₂ and Fe-TiO₂ in petroleum contaminated sediment samples. To this end, a complete factorial design 2², with a triplicate of the central point, was developed to evaluate the effects of catalyst mass and HPA photodegradation time on mangrove sediment. These experiments were performed with a mass of 1g of sediment contaminated with standard HPAs 0.25mg kg-1 solution. Multiple response (MR) was applied in order to establish a simultaneous experimental condition for the photodegradation of analytes (Acenaphthylene (AcNf), Acenaphthene (AcN), Anthracene (AN), Benzo (a) Antracene (BaA), Indene (1, 2,3cd) Pyrene (IP), Dibenzo (ah) Anthracene (DahA)) under study. The percentage of PAHs photodegradation was 40.29 to 95.73%. The MR indicated that the best experimental condition is at the central point. with mass equal to 0.5g and time equal to 12 hours Under these conditions the kinetic parameters were performed and these parameters were in accordance with the data in the literature. The heterogeneous photocatalysis and photolysis processes were applied to a sediment contaminated by standard solution and crude oil under the optimized experimental conditions. The studies were intensified in the aromatic fraction of crude oil. The nonparametric test was used to evaluate the difference between the processes at the 5% significance level were statistically different in the standard solution. However, in the aromatic fraction there was no significant difference between the process. Data modeling of the standard solution indicated that photocatalysis has a higher efficiency for degrading HPAs than photolysis. The efficiency of Fe-TiO2 was evaluated against TiO2 in oils with different characteristics. These characteristics were confirmed by geochemical data and statistical tests. Fe-TiO2 showed higher efficiency compared to TiO2, but the complexity of the oil sample influences the photocatalytic degradation process.

The estuary of Itapicuru’s river is located at Environmental Protected Area (EPA) of North Coast of Bahia. Although this system presents pristine conditions, some environmental impacts are observed, such as changes in vegetal coverage for commercial plantations and some caused by the presence of small fisheries communities. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of these impacts in temporal changes in the amount and in the type of organic matter (O.M.) deposited in the estuary of Itapicuru’s river. For that, were analyzed the vertical distribution of n-Alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sub-samples of a sedimentary core collected at the estuary margin. Were also evaluated: the distribution of the granulometric fraction; the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and of total nitrogen (TN); and the isotopic ratio of TOC (δ¹³C) and of TN (δ¹³C). For the dating, was calculated the sedimentation rate from the radioactive decay of ²¹⁰Pb (0,54 ± 0,05 cm year^-1). The reporting period of the core is from 1907 (base) to 2017 (top). The concentrations of TOC, TN and of total n-Alkanes ranged, respectively, from 0,65% to 2,51%, from 0,07% to 0,13% and from 1.331 ng g^-1 to 7.301 ng g^-1 in dry weight (dw). Temporal changes occured together with the changes in the mud’s content. This, in it’s turn, is influenced by anthropic intervetnions (i.e., highway constructions) and for the disorderly use of the soil for all the hydrographic basin of Itapicuru’s river. Were applied diagnostic reasons that showed that the main source of n-Alkanes to the region is the one provided by vascular plants. Changes in the importance of this contribution occured due to natural processes (climatic) and anthropic (changes in vegetal coverage due to plantations of pinus, eucalyptus and coconuts). The concentrations of total PAHs ranged from 1,98 ng g^-1 to 43,1 ng g^-1 dw, showing a low contamination rate in the study area. The sources of PAHs are local, such as the use of fishing vessels with diesel engine, the advance of urbanization and space valorization. Although these anthropic contributions, the estuary of Itapicuru’s river can be considered a tropical estuary relatively preserved.

The Potiguar basin arouses great interest, both from oil companies and from the academic environment due to its economic and didactic importance, as there is a great opportunity in the knowledge of petroleum geology, aiming at a better understanding of the petroleum system and the search for new challenges. The complexity of the Potiguar basin set a great challenge for the scientific research groups that, through the use of software for the modeling of petroleum systems, were able to identify and analyze the stratigraphic sequence from wells, bibliographies and stratigraphic data generating 1D burial and Thermal flow that allowed the geochemical interpretation of the generating rock (Pendance - Barremian/Neocomian Formation). The 1D burial models identified the complexity of the Potiguar basin through the deposition of the layers of the Jandaíra, Açú, Alagamar and Pendência Formations. The 1D thermal flow models showed that the Pendence Formation reached a temperature of 80°C during the Late Middle Cretaceous at approximately 1800m

The porous-fissural aquifer system underlying the hydrographic sub basin of the river Peixe is formed by the Tercio-Quaternary sediments of the Capim Grosso Formation and the fractured rocks of the medium to high grade metamorphic terrain of the Salvador-Curaçá Belt and Gavião Block, from Archean to Proterozoic age, located in the sisaleira region, northeast of Bahia, covering the headquarters of the municipalities of Capim Grosso, Quixabeira and Serrolândia. The objectives of the research were to qualify and classify groundwater, characterize the aquifer system and assess its vulnerability. The data used were obtained from SIAGAS, pre-existing works and geophysical field survey. Forty-seven chemical analyzes of the principal ions were used: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3- and total Fe, besides the parameters: electrical conductivity, pH, total hardness and total dissolved solids (TDS). For water characterization, the SAR diagram and the Piper diagram were used. Apparent electroresistivity data obtained from 40 vertical electric soundings (VES) were also used to characterize the aquifer system and to obtain soil thickness and depth of the static level. Vulnerability was assessed using the MAIA method, which was designed to express the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer. The set of variables used interrelate to define the degree of vulnerability of the aquifer. The obtained results show that the waters of this aquifer system are considered useless, due to the high TDS contents, obtained from the high electrical conductivities, giving them the character of very mineralized. Nitrate anomalies were also observed near the municipality of Capim Grosso. The geophysical response presented a geological model composed of a regolith, covering the Capim Grosso Formation, with clayey levels, and a sometimes fractured / altered substrate, sometimes unchanged. The Capim Grosso Formation represents the porous aquifer while the fractured / altered crystalline rocks the fissural aquifer. Vulnerability in most of the area had a low index, locally medium and high vulnerability indexes were mapped.